Impamvu ikibazo cy’umutekano w’amazi mabi mu Buhinde kirimo gutera imbaraga mu gihugu hose zo gushakisha imyuka myinshi ihumanya ikirere

Itariki: 27 Nyakanga 2026

Buri mwaka, abakozi bo mu mijyi y’imyanda n’iy’imyanda bapfa mu mijyi y’Ubuhinde. Impfu zikurikirana uburyo busanzwe ku buryo zifite izina rigira riti: “abarokora baba abahohotewe.” Umukozi amanukira mu mwobo kugira ngo akureho ikintu cyari cyazibye. Hydrogen sulfide - iremereye kurusha umwuka, nta ibara, ihumura amagi yaboze gusa ku rugero ruto, hanyuma igatuma imitsi ihumura ku yindi iri hejuru ikora hasi mu mwobo. Umukozi atakaza ubwenge mu masegonda make. Umukozi wa kabiri aramanuka kugira ngo amukuremo. Na we arapfa. Icya gatatu kirakurikiraho. Igihe igikorwa gihagarara, abantu batatu kugeza kuri batanu baba bapfiriye mu muyoboro wa sima ufite ubujyakuzimu bwa metero esheshatu.

Amakuru y’Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe Igenzura ry’Ibyaha agaragaza ko iki atari ikintu gikunze kubaho. Impfu amagana zigaragara buri mwaka mu turere two mu Buhinde, kandi imibare nyayo ikekwa ko iri hejuru kuko imanza nyinshi zishyirwa mu byiciro by’ “kurohama mu buryo bw’impanuka” cyangwa “impamvu zisanzwe.” Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rw’Ubuhinde rwagize uruhare runini, ruherutse gutegeka ko hakorwa isuku y’imyanda y’amazi mabi no gupima gazi mbere yo kwinjira. Itegeko ry’umutekano, ubuzima n’imikorere y’akazi, ryatangiye gukurikizwa mu 2020, risaba abakoresha kwita ku buryo bugaragara ku hantu hakorerwa akazi hatekanye - harimo no gukurikirana gazi buri gihe aho ikirere giteje akaga gishoboka.

Icyuho kiri hagati y’amabwiriza n’ukuri ni igikoresho kimwe: icyuma gipima gaze kidahinduka kandi gihora gikora gishobora kurokoka ibidukikije byo mu mazi mabi no gutanga inzogera mbere y’uko umukozi amanuka.

1. Icyo lisansi ikoresha mu by'ukuri ari cyo

Umwobo w'amazi mabi ntabwo ari ahantu hafite gazi imwe. Ni uruvange rw'amatsinda ruhinduka bitewe n'ubujyakuzimu, ubushyuhe, n'imiterere y'amazi asohoka.

Hepfo, aho abakozi binjira kugira ngo bafunge neza, hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) irakorakora. Iterwa no kubora kwa bagiteri zidafite aerobiki mu mwanda, H₂S yica iyo irenze 100 ppm. Ku gipimo cya 1,000 ppm -- akenshi mu mwanda ufunze umaze iminsi -- yica mu minota mike.

Hejuru y'umuyoboro w'amazi, methane (CH₄) iva mu nzira imwe yo kubora izamuka yerekeza hejuru y'umuyoboro. Iraturika hagati ya 5% na 15% by'ikirere cyo hasi cy'iturika - ikigero cyoroshye kugera mu mwobo udafite umwuka mwiza. Ishashi imwe iva mu gikoresho cy'icyuma cy'umukozi cyangwa itabi ryamanutse ishobora guturika umuyoboro wose.

Mu gice cyo hagati, dioxyde de carbone (CO₂) na ammonia (NH₃) bivangavanga mu buryo butandukanye. CO₂ isimbura ogisijeni - umwobo ufite CO₂ 8% wasimbuye umwuka uhumeka. NH₃ itera impumuro mbi mu nzira z'ubuhumekero kandi ikagaragaza ko ibintu bibora.

Niyo mpamvu icyuma gipima gazi imwe atari igisubizo cyemewe. Umukozi ufite icyuma gipima gazi cya H₂S gusa ashobora kumanuka mu mwobo ufite metani yica hejuru kandi ntabone inzogera. Imiterere ya Honde RD-NC3HO-01 yagenwe ku bikorwa by'umujyi w'Ubuhinde ipima H₂S, CH₄, CO₂, NH₃, na O₂ icyarimwe - ikigereranyo cyuzuye cya gazi mu bidukikije by'amazi mabi - hamwe n'ubushyuhe n'ubukonje ku bidukikije.

2. Igicuruzwa: Ni iki kirokoka umuyoboro w'amazi mabi

RD-NC3HO-01 ni igice gishyizwe ku rukuta gifite ecran ya LCD igaragaza ingano y’imyuka yose ikoreshwa mu buryo bw’igihe nyacyo. RS485 Modbus-RTU isohora amakuru ijyana amakuru kuri module y’itumanaho cyangwa ububiko bw’itumanaho. Ingufu zinjira zakira 10–24VDC, zijyanye n’ibikoresho by’ubuyobozi bw’umujyi ndetse na sisitemu za batiri zikoresha imirasire y’izuba ku bigo byakira abantu.

Ibipimo bibiri bigena kubaho mu miyoboro y'amazi mabi.

Ubushyuhe bwo gukora buri hagati ya -30°C na +85°C. Imbobo zo mu Buhinde zo muri Delhi cyangwa Mumbai ntizigera kuri -30°C, ariko igisenge cya +85°C ni cyo gipimo cy'ingenzi. Umugozi w'imbobo mu mpeshyi, hamwe no kubora kw'umwuka udafite umwuka utera ubushyuhe, ushobora gufata ubushyuhe bwa 45–55°C hepfo mu gihe umwuka wo hejuru ku nkengero z'imbobo ari 40°C. Utumashini dufite igisenge cy'imbobo cya +50°C gitemba cyangwa kinanirwa mu byumweru bike. Igipimo cya RD-NC3HO-01 cya +85°C gitwikira ibidukikije byose hamwe n'umupaka.

Imiterere y'inzu n'umuhuza. Iyi mashini ishyirwa ku gipfunyika kandi ifunze neza ku buryo amazi yinjira. Imiyoboro y'insinga ni yo idafite imbaraga mu mishinga myinshi - umwobo w'amazi ni ahantu harangwa n'ubushuhe 100%, aho amazi amanuka mu nkuta. Imiyoboro y'insinga ya Honde ifunze kabiri irinda ubushuhe bwinjira butuma amashanyarazi adakingirwa mu gihe cy'imvura imwe.

3. Uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo by’umutekano w’imiyoboro y’amazi mabi mu Mujyi

Gushyira ibikorwa by’ubutasi mu mijyi y’Ubuhinde bikurikira imiterere y’ibice bitatu iva ku mupaka w’amazi ijya ku kigo cy’ubuyobozi cy’umujyi.

Umutekinisiye wo mu murima akoresha Handmeter mu gihe cy’igenzura rya buri gihembwe kugira ngo yemeze sensor yashyizweho ikoresheje icyerekezo cyoroshye cyo gutwara mbere ya buri gihembwe cy’imvura - iyo imyuka y’amazi ikoreshwa mu miyoboro y’amazi iba myinshi hamwe n’ubushyuhe n’ubwiyongere bw’umutwaro w’ibinyabuzima.

4. Ibisubizo ku kibuga: Isuzuma ry’umutekano w’imiyoboro y’amazi mabi mu Mujyi, Delhi, Kamena 2026

Muri Kamena 2026, hatangijwe gushyiraho imashini 120 zipima imyuka myinshi za RD-NC3HO-01 mu turere dutatu tw’amazi dushobora guterwa n’impanuka mu mujyi wa Delhi - uturere twa Shahdara, Najafgarh, na Okhla, ari natwo twagaragayemo umubare munini w’impfu mu myobo y’amazi.

Ibisubizo by'ibikorwa nyuma y'iminsi 45:

• Urubuga rwanditse ibikorwa 217 by’ibiza mu turere dutatu — byiganjemo ingendo za H₂S zirengeje 10 ppm mu gihe cy’isuku nyuma y’impeshyi. Muri ibyo, 43 barenze urugero rw’ibyago rwa 25 ppm.
• Mu manza 8 zanditse, inzogera yashyizweho mbere yuko itsinda rishinzwe isuku rigera ku mwobo. Umuyobozi w’itsinda, akurikije amabwiriza mashya, yanze kwinjira maze ahumeka umwuka mu mwobo mu gihe cy’iminota 45. Isuzuma ryongeye kugaragaza ko H₂S yari yagabanutse munsi ya 5 ppm. Muri gahunda ya kera, abo bakozi 8 bari kuba bamanutse mu kirere cyica.
• Gahunda yo kugenzura icyuma gipima intoki yasanze ibyuma 3 bifite ubwiyongere bwa calibration drift birenga ± 15% mu gihembwe cya mbere y'impeshyi. Byose uko ari bitatu byasimbuwe mbere y'uko igihembwe cy'imbeho gitangira.
• Nta bakozi bapfuye bagaragaye mu turere twagenzuwe mu gihe cy'igerageza - icyo gihe cy'iminsi 45 cya mbere kitari cyarahitanye abantu mu mateka ya vuba aha y'utwo turere.
• Hashingiwe ku igerageza, ikigo cy’umujyi cyemeje ko hashobora kwagurwa andi mashami 400 yo kugenzura mu turere dusigaye tw’amazi mabi ya Delhi, aho hateganijwe gutanga amasoko muri konji ya kane ya 2026.

5. Ikarita yagutse y'ibikenewe: Aho gupima imyuka myinshi biri kwiyongera

Ikibazo cy’umutekano w’imyanda mu Buhinde ni cyo kibazo cyihutirwa cyane, ariko si cyo cyonyine gisaba ko habaho isuzuma ry’imyanda myinshi.

Uburasirazuba bwo Hagati — ibigo bitanga peteroli na gaze. Muri Arabiya Sawudite na UAE, abakora uruganda rutunganya ibikomoka ku mavuta bahura n'ikibazo kimwe cyo gufunga ahantu hatandukanye: H₂S mu gutunganya peteroli, CH₄ mu bubiko, na CO₂ mu bikorwa byo gukusanya ibikomoka ku mavuta. Igenzura ni amahame agenga umutekano w'imbere ya ADNOC na Aramco, asaba ko habaho igenzura rihoraho rya gazi mu bice bifunze. Izi nyubako zikoresha ibikoresho bimwe bya RD-NC3HO-01 - byagenewe lisansi y'uruganda rutunganya ibikomoka ku mavuta - hamwe n'umusaruro wa 4-20mA uhuzwa neza n'ikigo cy'umutekano gisanzwe cy'uruganda.

Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba — gutunganya amazi yanduye. Ibikorwa remezo byo gutunganya amazi yanduye muri Vietnam bikomeje kwiyongera vuba, byubatswe muri gahunda y’igihugu yo kubahiriza ibidukikije, bisaba kugenzura gazi ku mapompe n’aho amazi yinjira aho H₂S na CH₄ bihurira. Imiterere y’ibikenewe isa n’iy’u Buhinde ariko ku rugero ruto kuri buri gice - ubusanzwe ibikoresho 10–30 kuri buri ruganda aho kuba 120 kuri buri karere k’umujyi.

Afurika y'Epfo — ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro n'ubuyobozi bw'umujyi. Uruvange rw'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro mu rwego rwo hejuru (aho CH₄ na CO ari byo bintu bikomeye biteza akaga) hamwe n'ibikorwa remezo by'imiyoboro y'amazi yo mu mujyi bishaje, Afurika y'Epfo iri mu masoko icumi ya mbere ku isi apima gaze idahinduka.