Ubwiza bw'umwuka ni iki?

Umucyo usukuye ni ingenzi kugira ngo umuntu abeho neza, ariko nk'uko bivugwa n'Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS), hafi 99% by'abatuye isi bahumeka umwuka urenze urugero rw'ihumana ry'umwuka. Kristina Pistone, umuhanga mu by'ubushakashatsi muri NASA Ames Research Center, yagize ati: “Ubwiza bw'umwuka ni igipimo cy'ingano y'ibintu biri mu mwuka, birimo uduce duto n'imyuka ihumanya.” Ubushakashatsi bwa Pistone bukubiyemo ikirere n'ikirere, hibandwa ku ngaruka z'uduce duto tw'ikirere ku kirere n'ibicu. Pistone yagize ati: “Ni ngombwa gusobanukirwa ubwiza bw'umwuka kuko bigira ingaruka ku buzima bwawe n'uburyo ushobora kubaho ubuzima bwawe no gukora umunsi wawe wose.” Twicaye hamwe na Pistone kugira ngo twige byinshi ku bwiza bw'umwuka n'uburyo bugira ingaruka zigaragara ku buzima bw'abantu no ku bidukikije.

Ni iki kigize ubuziranenge bw'umwuka?
Hari ibintu bitandatu by'ingenzi bihumanya ikirere bigenzurwa n'Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije (EPA) muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika: uduce duto (PM), okiside azote, ozone, okiside sulfur, monoksade karubone, na lead. Ibi bihumanya ikirere bituruka ku bintu karemano, nk'uduce duto tuzamuka mu kirere tuvuye mu muriro n'umukungugu wo mu butayu, cyangwa mu bikorwa by'abantu, nk'umwuka wa ozone uturuka ku zuba ryinshi riterwa n'ibyuka bihumanya ikirere.

Akamaro k'ubuziranenge bw'umwuka ni akahe?
Ubwiza bw'umwuka bugira ingaruka ku buzima n'imibereho myiza. Pistone yagize ati: “Nk'uko tugomba kunywa amazi, tugomba no guhumeka umwuka.” Twamaze kwitega amazi meza kuko twumva ko tuyakeneye kugira ngo tubeho kandi tugire ubuzima bwiza, kandi twagombye kwitega ko n'umwuka wacu umeze gutyo.”

Ubwiza bw'umwuka mubi bwagiye buterwa n'ingaruka z'umutima n'ubuhumekero ku bantu. Urugero, guhumeka igihe gito kuri azote dioxide (NO2), bishobora gutera ibimenyetso by'ubuhumekero nko gukorora no guhumeka, kandi guhumeka igihe kirekire byongera ibyago byo kurwara indwara z'ubuhumekero nka asima cyangwa indwara z'ubuhumekero. Guhumeka kuri ozone bishobora kongera ubukana bw'ibihaha no kwangiza inzira z'ubuhumekero. Guhumeka kuri PM2.5 (uduce duto twa mikorometero 2.5 cyangwa duto) bitera ububabare bw'ibihaha kandi byagiye bifitanye isano n'indwara z'umutima n'ibihaha.

Uretse ingaruka zayo ku buzima bw'abantu, umwuka mubi ushobora kwangiza ibidukikije, ukanduza amazi binyuze mu kongera aside no kuyahinduramo umwuka. Izi nzira zica ibimera, zigatuma intungamubiri zo mu butaka zigabanuka, kandi zikangiza inyamaswa.

Gupima Ubwiza bw'Umucyo: Igipimo cy'Ubwiza bw'Umwotsi (AQI)
Ubwiza bw'umwuka busa n'ikirere; bushobora guhinduka vuba, ndetse no mu masaha make. Kugira ngo hapimwe kandi hatangazwe ubwiza bw'umwuka, EPA ikoresha Ikigereranyo cy'Ubwiza bw'Umwuka cya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (AQI). Ikigereranyo cy'Ubwiza bw'Umwuka kibarwa hapimwa buri kimwe mu bipimo bitandatu by'ingenzi by'umwuka uhumanya ikirere ku gipimo kuva kuri "Byiza" kugeza kuri "Biteje akaga," kugira ngo haboneke umubare wa AQI uhuriweho hagati ya 0-500.

“Ubusanzwe iyo tuvuga ku buziranenge bw'umwuka, tuba tuvuga ko hari ibintu mu kirere tuzi ko atari byiza ko abantu bahumeka igihe cyose,” Pistone yagize ati. “Rero kugira ngo ube ufite ubuziranenge bw'umwuka mwiza, ugomba kuba uri munsi y'urugero runaka rw'umwanda.” Uturere two hirya no hino ku isi dukoresha ibipimo bitandukanye ku buziranenge bw'umwuka “mwiza,” akenshi biterwa n'umwanda upimye sisitemu yabo. Muri sisitemu ya EPA, agaciro ka AQI ka 50 cyangwa munsi kafatwa nk'akameze neza, mu gihe 51-100 gafatwa nk'akari hagati. Agaciro ka AQI kari hagati ya 100 na 150 gafatwa nk'akatari kameze neza ku matsinda y’abafite ubumuga, kandi agaciro ko hejuru ntabwo kameze neza kuri buri wese; itangazo ry'ubuzima ritangwa iyo AQI igeze kuri 200. Agaciro kose karenze 300 gafatwa nk'akaga, kandi gakunze kujyana n'udukoko duhumanya duturuka ku nkongi z'umuriro.

Ubushakashatsi n'Ibikoresho by'Ubuziranenge bw'Ubwiza bw'Ibintu bya NASA
Ibikoresho byerekana imiterere y'umwuka ni igikoresho cy'agaciro cyo gufata amakuru y'imiterere y'umwuka ku rwego rw'ibanze.
Mu 2022, itsinda rya Trace Gas (TGGR) ryo muri NASA Ames Research Center ryashyizeho ikoranabuhanga rihendutse rya Network Sensor for Exploring Pollution, cyangwa INSTEP: urusobe rushya rw’ibikoresho by’umwuka bihendutse bipima ubwoko butandukanye bw’imyanda. Ibi byuma birimo gufata amakuru y’ubuziranenge bw’umwuka mu turere tumwe na tumwe two muri California, Colorado, na Mongoliya, kandi byagaragaye ko ari ingirakamaro mu kugenzura ubuziranenge bw’umwuka mu gihe cy’inkongi y’umuriro muri California.

Iperereza ryakozwe mu 2024 rijyanye n'ubwiza bw'ikirere cyo muri Aziya (ASIA-AQ) ryahuje amakuru ajyanye n'ibipimo by'ikirere aturuka mu ndege, ibyogajuru, n'ibikoresho byo ku butaka kugira ngo hasuzumwe ubwiza bw'ikirere mu bihugu byinshi byo muri Aziya. Amakuru yafashwe mu bikoresho byinshi byo muri izi ndege, nka Sisitemu yo gupima ikirere (MMS) ya NASA Ames Atmospheric Science Branch, akoreshwa mu kunoza imiterere y'ikirere kugira ngo hamenyekane kandi hasuzumwe imiterere y'ikirere.

Mu kigo cyose, NASA ifite satelite zitandukanye zigenzura Isi n'izindi koranabuhanga zo gufata no gutanga raporo ku miterere y'ubuziranenge bw'ikirere. Mu 2023, NASA yatangije ubutumwa bwa Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO), bupima ubuziranenge bw'ikirere n'umwanda muri Amerika ya Ruguru. Ikigo cya NASA gishinzwe Ubutaka, Ikirere, Ibyerekezo byo Kureba Isi (LANCE) gitanga ibipimo byakusanyijwe n'ibikoresho byinshi bya NASA, mu masaha atatu nyuma yo kubireba.

Kugira ngo ikirere cy’umwuka gikomeze kuba cyiza, dushobora gukurikirana amakuru y’ubwiza bw’umwuka mu gihe nyacyo. Ibi bikurikira ni sensor zishobora gupima ibipimo bitandukanye by’ubwiza bw’umwuka.