Ubwiza bw'ikirere ni iki?

Umwuka mwiza ni ngombwa mu mibereho myiza, ariko nk'uko Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima ryita ku Buzima (OMS) ribivuga, hafi 99% by'abatuye isi bahumeka umwuka urenze urugero rwabo rwo kwanduza ikirere. Kristina Pistone, umuhanga mu bushakashatsi mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya NASA Ames yagize ati: "Ubwiza bw’ikirere ni igipimo cyerekana uko ibintu biri mu kirere, birimo uduce duto ndetse n’ibyuka bihumanya." Ubushakashatsi bwa Pistone bukubiyemo ahantu h’ikirere no mu kirere, hibandwa ku ngaruka ziterwa n’ikirere ku kirere no ku bicu. Pistone yagize ati: "Ni ngombwa kumva ubwiza bw'ikirere kuko bugira ingaruka ku buzima bwawe ndetse n'uburyo ushobora kubaho ubuzima bwawe kandi ukagenda umunsi wawe." Twicaranye na Pistone kugirango tumenye byinshi ku bwiza bw’ikirere n’uburyo bishobora kugira ingaruka zigaragara ku buzima bw’abantu no ku bidukikije.

Niki kigize ubwiza bwikirere?
Hariho ibintu bitandatu bihumanya ikirere bigengwa n’ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije (EPA) muri Amerika: ibintu byangiza (PM), okiside ya azote, ozone, okiside ya sulfuru, monoxyde de carbone, na gurş. Ibyo bihumanya bituruka ku masoko karemano, nk'ibintu bito bizamuka mu kirere biturutse ku muriro no mu mukungugu wo mu butayu, cyangwa mu bikorwa by'abantu, nka ozone ituruka ku mucyo w'izuba bigira ingaruka ku myuka y’ibinyabiziga.

Ni ubuhe butumwa bwiza bw'ikirere?
Ubwiza bwikirere bugira ingaruka kubuzima nubuzima bwiza. Pistone ati: "Nkuko dukeneye gufata amazi, dukeneye guhumeka umwuka." Ati: "Twaje gutegereza amazi meza kuko twumva ko dukeneye kubaho no kugira ubuzima bwiza, kandi natwe tugomba kubyitega mu kirere."

Umwuka mubi uhujwe ningaruka zumutima nimiyoboro yubuhumekero. Guhura nigihe gito na dioxyde ya azote (NO2), kurugero, birashobora gutera ibimenyetso byubuhumekero nko gukorora no gutontoma, kandi kumara igihe kirekire byongera ibyago byo kwandura indwara zubuhumekero nka asima cyangwa indwara zubuhumekero. Guhura na ozone birashobora kongera ibihaha no kwangiza umwuka. Guhura na PM2.5 (ibice 2,5 micrometero cyangwa bito) bitera uburakari kandi bifitanye isano n'indwara z'umutima n'ibihaha.

Usibye ingaruka zabyo ku buzima bwabantu, ikirere cyiza kirashobora kwangiza ibidukikije, kwanduza amazi y’amazi binyuze muri acide na eutrophasi. Izi nzira zica ibimera, zigabanya intungamubiri zubutaka, kandi zikangiza inyamaswa.

Gupima ubuziranenge bw'ikirere: Icyerekezo cy'ubuziranenge bw'ikirere (AQI)
Ubwiza bwikirere busa nikirere; irashobora guhinduka vuba, nubwo mumasaha make. Gupima no gutanga raporo ku bwiza bw’ikirere, EPA ikoresha indangagaciro z’ikirere muri Amerika (AQI). AQI ibarwa mugupima buri kimwe muri bitandatu byanduye bihumanya ikirere ku gipimo kiva kuri "Cyiza" kugeza kuri "Hazardous," kugirango gitange agaciro ka AQI imibare 0-500.

Pistone yagize ati: "Ubusanzwe iyo tuvuga ubuziranenge bw'ikirere, tuba tuvuze ko hari ibintu mu kirere tuzi ko atari byiza ko abantu bahumeka igihe cyose." Ati: "Kugira rero ikirere cyiza, ugomba kuba munsi y’urugero runaka rw’umwanda." Uturere hirya no hino ku isi dukoresha imipaka itandukanye kugira ngo ikirere cyiza “cyiza”, gikunze guterwa n’imyanda ihumanya. Muri sisitemu ya EPA, agaciro ka AQI ka 50 cyangwa munsi yacyo gafatwa nkicyiza, mugihe 51-100 ifatwa nkikigereranyo. Agaciro AQI hagati ya 100 na 150 ifatwa nkaho itari myiza kumatsinda yoroheje, kandi indangagaciro zo hejuru ntabwo ari nziza kuri buri wese; integuza yubuzima itangwa mugihe AQI igeze kuri 200. Agaciro kose karenga 300 gafatwa nk’akaga, kandi gakunze guhuzwa n’umwanda uhumanya uturuka ku muriro.

Ubushakashatsi bwikirere bwa NASA nibicuruzwa byamakuru
Ibyiza byo mu kirere ni umutungo w'agaciro wo gufata amakuru meza y’ikirere kurwego rwaho.
Mu 2022, Itsinda rya Trace Gas (TGGR) mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya NASA Ames cyohereje ikoranabuhanga ridahenze rya Sensor Technology yo gucukumbura umwanda, cyangwa INSTEP: urusobe rushya rw’imyuka ihendutse y’ikirere ipima imyanda itandukanye. Ibyo byuma bifata ibyuma bifata ikirere mu turere tumwe na tumwe twa Californiya, Kolorado, na Mongoliya, kandi byagaragaye ko ari byiza mu kugenzura ikirere cy’ikirere mu gihe cy’umuriro wa Californiya.

Iperereza ryakozwe mu kirere na Satelite 2024 ryerekeye ubuziranenge bw’ikirere cya Aziya (ASIA-AQ) ryahujije amakuru ya sensor kuva mu ndege, satelite, hamwe n’ubutaka bushingiye ku butaka kugira ngo harebwe ubwiza bw’ikirere mu bihugu byinshi byo muri Aziya. Amakuru yafashwe mubikoresho byinshi kuriyi ndege, nka sisitemu yo gupima ikirere (MMS) yo muri NASA Ames Atmospheric Science Branch, ikoreshwa mugutunganya imiterere yubuziranenge bwikirere kugirango hamenyekane kandi hasuzumwe imiterere y’ikirere.

Ikigo cyose, NASA ifite satelite ikurikirana isi nubundi buhanga bwo gufata no gutanga amakuru yubuziranenge bwikirere. Mu 2023, NASA yatangije ibyuka bihumanya ikirere: Gukurikirana umwanda (TEMPO), bipima ubuziranenge bw’ikirere n’umwanda muri Amerika ya Ruguru. Ubutaka bwa NASA, Atmosifike Hafi yigihe nyacyo Ubushobozi bwo Kwitegereza Isi (LANCE) butanga iteganyagihe ry’ikirere hamwe n’ibipimo byakusanyirijwe mu bikoresho byinshi bya NASA, mu masaha atatu ikurikira.

Kugirango tugire ibidukikije byiza byikirere, dushobora gukurikirana amakuru yubuziranenge bwikirere mugihe nyacyo. Ibikurikira ni sensor zishobora gupima ubuziranenge bwikirere butandukanye