I. Ingero z'ingenzi z'ishyirwa mu bikorwa
Utwuma tw’amazi two mu bwoko bwa “sensors” muri Brezili dukoreshwa cyane cyane mu bihe bikurikira by’ingenzi:
1. Sisitemu zo Gusukura Amazi n'Imyanda mu Mijyi
Inyigo: SABESP (Isosiyete y’Isuku y’ibanze yo muri Leta ya São Paulo), ikigo kinini cy’amazi muri Amerika y’Epfo, gikoresha cyane ibikoresho by’amazi bifite imiterere myinshi mu miyoboro yacyo y’amazi, kuva ku bigega kugeza ku nganda zitunganya amazi.
Ibintu:
Gukurikirana Amazi Akomoka: Gukurikirana mu buryo nyabwo ibipimo nka pH, ogisijeni ishongeshejwe (DO), ikirere gishyushye, ubucucike bw'ibimera (chlorophyll-a), n'ibimenyesha bagiteri z'uburozi mu buryo bunini bw'ibigega (urugero, Cantareira System) kugira ngo habeho umutekano w'amazi mabi.
Kugenzura Uburyo bwo Kuvura: Utwuma two mu nganda zivurwa dukoreshwa mu kugenzura neza uburyo imiti ikoreshwa (urugero: imiti igabanya ubushyuhe, imiti yica udukoko) mu gihe cyo gufunga, gufunga, kuyungurura no kwica udukoko, kunoza imikorere no kugabanya ikiguzi.
Igenzura ry’Urusobe rw’Amazi: Ahantu ho gukurikirana amazi hashyirwaho mu mijyi yose kugira ngo hakurikiranwe ibisigazwa bya chlorine, umwanda, n’ibindi bimenyetso mu gihe nyacyo. Ibi byemeza umutekano w’amazi yo mu robine mu gihe cyo kuyatwara kandi bigatuma hamenyekana vuba ibyanduye.
2. Gukurikirana isohoka ry'amazi yanduye mu nganda
Inyigo: Ikigo cya Brezili gishinzwe ibidukikije n'umutungo kamere usubiramo (IBAMA) n'ibigo bya leta birengera ibidukikije.
Ibintu:
Igenzura ry’iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko: Inganda zifite ibyago byinshi byo kwandura (urugero: impumuro n’impapuro, ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro, imiti, gutunganya ibiribwa) zisabwa gushyiraho uburyo bwo kugenzura imyanda yikora kuri interineti mu maduka yazo yo gusohora imyanda. Ibikoresho bipima buri gihe ibipimo nka chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), azote yose, fosifore yose, ibyuma biremereye (urugero: mercure, lisansi, bisaba sensors runaka), pH, n’umuvuduko w’amazi.
Inshingano: Kugenzura ko amazi yanduye asohoka akurikije amahame yashyizweho n'Inama y'Igihugu Ishinzwe Ibidukikije (CONAMA). Kohereza amakuru mu buryo bwihuse ku bashinzwe kugenzura bifasha gukumira ko amazi yasohoka mu buryo butemewe n'amategeko kandi bigatanga ibimenyetso bitaziguye ku bashinzwe iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko.
3. Gukurikirana ihumana ry'ubuhinzi ritari iry'ingenzi
Inyigo y'Urugero: Ibigo by'ubushakashatsi ku buhinzi n'ibidukikije mu bihugu bikomeye by'ubuhinzi nka Mato Grosso.
Ibintu:
Gukurikirana amazi: Imiyoboro y'ibipimo ishyirwa mu bibaya by'imigezi birimo ubuhinzi bunini kugira ngo ikurikirane impinduka mu nitrate, fosfeti, ubushuhe n'ibisigazwa by'imiti yica udukoko.
Inshingano: Gusuzuma ingaruka z'ikoreshwa ry'ifumbire n'imiti yica udukoko ku bidukikije by'amazi, kwiga imiterere y'ihumana ritari isoko, no gutanga amakuru kugira ngo asobanure uburyo bwiza bwo gucunga (BMPs) na politiki z'ibidukikije.
4. Gukurikirana ibidukikije ku miterere y'amazi karemano (imigezi, ibiyaga, inkombe)
Inyigo ku manza:
Ubushakashatsi ku kibaya cya Amazon: Amatsinda y’ubushakashatsi yo mu Kigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ubushakashatsi ku Maziko ya Amazon (INPA) na za kaminuza bakoresha ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga bikoresha ubwato cyangwa ibikoresho bishyirwa mu bwato kugira ngo barebe ubushyuhe bw’amazi, uburyo amazi atwara amazi (kugira ngo barebe ubushyuhe bw’amazi), ubwinshi bw’amazi aturuka mu mazi, umwuka wa ogisijeni ushongeshejwe, n’amazi ya CO2 mu ruzi rwa Amazon n’imigezi yarwo. Ibi ni ingenzi mu kwiga imiterere y’amazi n’imiterere y’ibinyabuzima mu ishyamba ry’inzitane rinini ku isi.
Gukurikirana ikwirakwizwa ry’amazi mu nkombe: Mu mazi yo ku nkombe z’imijyi minini nka Rio de Janeiro na São Paulo, ibyuma bikoresha ibyuma bipima ikwirakwizwa ry’amazi mu nkombe riterwa n’imyanda iva mu mazi, bigatanga umuburo hakiri kare ku birabyo byangiza by’amazi (amazi atukura) no kurinda inganda z’ubukerarugendo n’ubworozi bw’amafi.
Ibintu: Ibyuma byo kugenzura byashyizweho, ubwato bugendanwa, n'ibikoresho byo kugenzura bigendanwa byashyizwe ku ndege zitagira abapilote.
5. Gutanga amakuru hakiri kare ku ibiza by’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro no gukurikirana ibiza nyuma y’ibiza (Ni ingenzi cyane)
Inyigo y'Urugero: Iki ni kimwe mu bintu bikomeye cyane, nubwo biteye agahinda, byakoreshejwe muri Brezili. Nyuma y'ihungabana ry'ingomero z'amazi muri Minas Gerais (urugero: Samarco mu 2015 na Vale mu 2019), ibikoresho byo gusuzuma ubuziranenge bw'amazi byabaye ibikoresho by'ingenzi.
Ibintu:
Sisitemu zo kuburira hakiri kare: Imiyoboro ya sensor ikoreshwa mu gihe nyacyo ishyirwa mu migezi iri munsi y’ingomero z’amazi zikora kugira ngo ikurikirane ukwiyongera gutunguranye kw’amazi, bishobora kuba ikimenyetso cy’ubuhamya hakiri kare ku birebana n’aho amazi yangiritse.
Isuzuma ry’Umwanda no Gukurikirana: Nyuma y’ibiza, imiyoboro myinshi y’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga ishyirwa mu bibaya by’imigezi byangiritse (urugero, Rio Doce, uruzi rwa Paraopeba) kugira ngo ikomeze kugenzura ubushyuhe, ubwinshi bw’ibyuma biremereye (urugero, icyuma, manganese), na pH. Ibi bipima ikwirakwira, ubukana, n’ingaruka z’igihe kirekire z’umwanda ku bidukikije, bigayobora ingamba zo kuwusana.
II. Inshingano z'ingenzi n'inyungu
Hashingiwe ku bibazo byavuzwe haruguru, uruhare rw'ibikoresho by'amazi muri Brezili rushobora gusobanurwa muri make nk'ibi bikurikira:
Kurinda Ubuzima Rusange: Bituma abaturage babarirwa muri za miriyoni mirongo batuye mu mijyi bakomeza kugira umutekano w’amazi binyuze mu gukurikirana amasoko y’amazi n’imiyoboro ikwirakwizwa mu buryo bwihuse, birinda icyorezo cy’indwara ziterwa n’amazi mabi.
Kurengera ibidukikije no Gushyira mu bikorwa amategeko: Bitanga "ibimenyetso bifatika" ku bashinzwe kugenzura ibidukikije, bigafasha kugenzura neza amasoko y'imyanda ikomoka ku nganda n'imijyi, birengera urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima byo mu migezi, ibiyaga n'inyanja, kandi bigaha ingamba zigamije kurwanya imyanda iva mu mazi mu buryo butemewe n'amategeko.
Gutanga umuburo hakiri kare ku ibiza no kwita ku bibazo byihutirwa: Bitanga umuburo w'ingenzi hakiri kare mu nzego nk'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, bitanga umwanya w'ingirakamaro wo kwimura abaturage. Nyuma y'impanuka, bituma habaho isuzuma ryihuse ry'umwanda kugira ngo riyobore uburyo bwo kwita ku bibazo byihutirwa.
Kunoza Imikorere Inoze: Bifasha ibigo by’amazi kunoza uburyo bwo gutunganya, bikagabanya imiti n’ikoreshwa ry’ingufu, bityo bigabanye ikiguzi cy’imikorere.
Gushyigikira Ubushakashatsi bwa Siyansi: Iha abahanga mu bya siyansi amakuru y’igihe kirekire, ahoraho kandi akoreshwa kenshi mu bijyanye n’amazi kugira ngo biga uburyo ibidukikije byihariye (nk’uruzi rwa Amazon), ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, n’ingaruka z’ibikorwa by’ubuhinzi ku bidukikije.
Gushyira ahagaragara amakuru no kumenyekanisha amakuru ku baturage: Amakuru amwe n'amwe akurikiranwa (urugero: ubwiza bw'amazi yo ku mucanga) ashyirwa ahagaragara, bigafasha abantu gufata icyemezo cyo koga cyangwa kuroba, bityo bikarushaho kunoza imicungire y'umutungo w'amazi.
Incamake
Binyuze mu gukoresha ibikoresho by’amazi meza, Brezili irimo gukemura ibibazo by’amazi: umwanda uterwa n’izamuka ry’imijyi, ibyago by’impanuka z’inganda, ingaruka zo kwaguka kw’ubuhinzi, n’inshingano zo kurengera umurage karemano w’isi. Iri koranabuhanga ni ryo shingiro rya sisitemu y’amazi y’ibice byinshi kandi yuzuye yo gucunga ibidukikije—ikubiyemo “uburinzi bw’igihe gito,” “gukurikirana,” “gushyira mu bikorwa”, n’ “ubushakashatsi.” Nubwo imbogamizi zikiri mu buryo burambuye mu gukwirakwiza amakuru, guhuza amakuru, no gutera inkunga, ikoreshwa ryabyo mu buryo bw’ingirakamaro ryagaragaje akamaro kanini kandi ko ari ngombwa.
Dushobora kandi gutanga ibisubizo bitandukanye kuri
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3. Uburoso bwo gusukura bwikora ku buryo bwikora ku buryo bworoshye bw'amazi bukoresha parameter nyinshi
4. Seti yuzuye ya seriveri na porogaramu ya module idafite umugozi, ishyigikira RS485 GPRS /4g/WIFI/LORA/LORAWAN
Kugira ngo ubone ibindi bipimo by'amazi amakuru,
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Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-01-2025