Intangiriro: Uruhare rw'ingenzi rw'amakuru nyayo y'imvura
Amakuru nyayo y’imvura ni inkingi ikomeye mu micungire y’ibidukikije igezweho no mu mutekano w’abaturage. Aya makuru ni ingenzi mu bikorwa byinshi by’ingenzi, kuva mu gutanga uburinzi ku gihe ku ibiza by’umwuzure no gutegura gahunda yo kuhira imyaka mu buhinzi kugeza ku igenamigambi no gukoresha uburyo bwo kuhira imiyoboro y’amazi mu mijyi. Mu bikoresho bikoreshwa mu gukusanya aya makuru, Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge (TBRG) igaragara nk'imwe mu bikoresho bikoreshwa cyane mu miyoboro yo kugenzura ihindagurika ry’ikirere ku isi.
Gukundwa kwayo bituruka ku ihame ryoroshye ryo gukora, koroshya gutanga umusaruro w’ikoranabuhanga, ndetse n’imikorere yayo ihamye, cyane cyane mu gihe cy’imvura nyinshi. Ariko, imiterere gakondo ifite imbogamizi zo gukora neza zishobora kwangiza ireme ry’amakuru. Iyi nkuru irasuzuma siyansi ya TBRG igezweho ikemura ibi bibazo, ikoresheje algorithms zigezweho n’imiterere y’igishushanyo mbonera kugira ngo itange urwego rushya rw’ubuziranenge bushingiye ku mahame ngenderwaho y’inganda.
1. Gusobanukirwa Indobo Itanga Impeshyi: Uburyo Busanzwe
Ihame ry'ibanze ry'imikorere ya Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge ni urugero rwiza rwo guhindura inzira ihoraho y'umubiri mo ibintu bitandukanye kandi bibarwa. Iyo nzira ikurikiranya neza:
1.Icyegeranyo:Amazi y'imvura afatwa n'aho amazi afatirwa, ingano y'ingenzi ifite umurambararo usanzwe ugereranyijwe kuri mm 300 kugira ngo amakuru agereranywe neza. Hanyuma amazi anyuzwa mu cyuma gipima amazi, gikuraho amababi n'imyanda, maze kikajya mu muyoboro w'amazi.
2.Igipimo:Kuva kuri feri, amazi anyura muri kimwe mu byumba bibiri by’indobo biringaniye kandi bifite imiterere ingana. Iki gice cy’ingenzi ni imiterere "ishobora guhindagurika", yagenewe kuzunguruka ku murongo muto urimo gukururana.
3."Inama":Iyo ingano y'amazi yagenwe mbere yirundanyije mu cyumba—ingano, nk'uko biteganywa n'amategeko asanzwe y'inganda, ingana n'ubujyakuzimu bw'imvura bwa mm 0.1—imbaraga rukuruzi zikomokaho zituma imikorere yose y'indobo itakaza uburinganire no kugwa hejuru.
4.Gukora ibimenyetso:Iyo indobo igeze ku iherezo, rukuruzi ntoya inyura ku gikoresho cy’urubingo, bigatuma imbere muri yo hafungana kandi hagatera umuvuduko umwe w’amashanyarazi. Iki gikorwa gishyiramo icyumba cyose mu mwanya wacyo, mu gihe icyarimwe gishyira icyumba kirimo ubusa munsi y’umuyoboro kugira ngo hatangire uruziga rukurikira rwo gukusanya. Mu miterere igezweho, rukuruzi itandukanyijwe n’indobo ku buryo bwihariye bwo “kubara uburyo bwo kuzunguruka,” uburyo bw’ubwenge bubuza imbaraga rukuruzi kubangamira imbaraga rukuruzi zo kuzunguruka kw’indobo.
Mu buryo busanzwe, buri muvuduko w'amashanyarazi ugaragaza ingano ihoraho y'imvura. Bityo, imvura yose ibarwa mu kubara gusa umubare w'imvura mu gihe runaka.
2. Ikibazo cyo kumenya ukuri: Guhishura amakosa ariho
Nubwo ihame ryoroshye, ibintu byinshi bifatika byongera amakosa yo gupima mu bihe nyabyo, bikabuza ibipimo gakondo kugera ku buhanga bwo hejuru busabwa mu bikorwa bigezweho.
Ikibazo cy' 'Igihombo Gikomeye'
Impamvu nyamukuru itera amakosa mu gupima, cyane cyane mu gihe cy'imvura nyinshi, ni ikintu kizwi nka "dynamic loss." Ibi bivuga amazi y'imvura ataka mu gihe gito - ubusanzwe igice cy'isegonda - uburyo bwo gukora indobo buba burimo kugenda, buva ku ruhande rumwe bujya ku rundi. Muri iki gihe cyo guhinduka, amazi yinjira ava mu muyoboro ntafatwa n'icyumba kimwe kandi aratakara bitewe n'uko imvura ingana. Iki gihombo gihuye neza n'ubukana bw'imvura; uko imvura igwa cyane, ni ko indobo yihuta, kandi amazi menshi atakara hagati y'inkombe. Ibi bishobora gutuma ibipimo biba biri hasi ya 5% kugeza 10% ugereranyije n'imvura nyayo mu gihe cy'inkubi y'umuyaga ikomeye.
Andi masoko y'amakosa y'ingenzi
Uretse igihombo gihinduka, hari n'ibindi bintu byinshi bigira uruhare mu gupima ibintu bidasobanutse neza:
•Gufata no Guhumeka:Mu gihe cy'imvura nke cyangwa mu ntangiriro y'igikorwa, amazi ahambira ku buso bw'umuyoboro n'indobo. Mu bihe byumye cyangwa bishyushye, ubu bushuhe bushobora gushonga mbere yo gupimwa, bigatuma ingano y'imvura igwa idahagije.
•Ikosa ryo gukwirakwiza:Amatonyanga y'imvura yihuta cyane ashobora kugonga impande z'icyuma gikusanya amazi agasohoka, mu gihe andi ashobora kugonga imbere mu muyoboro w'amazi agasubira mu kindi gikoresho, bigatera amakosa mabi n'ameza.
•Kugereranya imikorere ya Mekanike n'ihinduka ry'ibimenyetso:Iyo igikoresho kidahuye neza, imbaraga zo gupfuka kuri buri ndobo ntiziba zingana, bigatera ikosa rya gahunda. Byongeye kandi, uburyo bwo gukoranaho kw'icyuma cy'urutare bushobora "gukubita", bigatuma habaho ibimenyetso byinshi bitari byo bivuye ku mutwe umwe. Uburyo bwo gupfuka icyuma mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga budakora neza bushobora kubura ingingo zemewe mu gihe cy'imvura nyinshi cyangwa kubara ingingo imwe inshuro nyinshi.
Gusobanura Ubuziranenge: Ibipimo ngenderwaho mu nganda
Kugira ngo gifatwe nk'igikoresho cyizewe, igipimo cy'imvura kigomba kuzuza ibipimo by'imikorere bihamye. Amahame ngenderwaho y'inganda, nka HJ/T 175-2005 mu Bushinwa, atanga urwego rw'imibare rw' "ubuziranenge bwo hejuru." Ikosa rya 5% kugeza kuri 10% rituruka ku gutakaza imbaraga ni itandukaniro rikomeye iyo aya mahame akeneye ubuziranenge buhanitse cyane. Ibipimo ngenderwaho by'ingenzi birimo:
| Igipimo | Ibisabwa mu rwego rwa tekiniki |
| Gutangira Gukurikirana Imvura Igwa | ≤ 0.5 mm |
| Ikosa ryo gupima (ku mvura yose ≤ 10 mm) | ± 0.4 mm |
| Ikosa ryo gupima (ku mvura yose > 10 mm) | ± 4% |
| Ubushobozi buke | mm 0.1 |
Kuzuza ibi bipimo, cyane cyane ± 4% byo kwihanganira imvura nyinshi, ntibishoboka kuri TBRG isanzwe idafite uburyo bwo gukosora bukoresheje ubwenge.
3. Igisubizo cy'ubwenge: Kugera ku buryo bunoze ukoresheje Algorithms zigezweho
Igisubizo kigezweho ku kibazo cyo gukora neza ntabwo kiboneka mu kuvugurura ikoranabuhanga rihambaye, ahubwo kiboneka muri porogaramu z’ubwenge zikorana n’igishushanyo mbonera gisanzweho. Ubu buryo bukosora amakosa arimo bwongeraho urwego rw’ubwenge bwa digitale kuri sisitemu ya mashini yagaragaye.
Kuva ku 'kubara' kugeza ku 'guhindura imiterere': Imbaraga z'igihe cy'indobo
Igishya cy'ingenzi kiri mu buryo igikoresho gitunganya buri gice cy'inyuma. Aho kubara gusa imivuduko y'amashanyarazi, isaha y'imbere y'iyi sisitemu ipima neza igihe kiri hagati ya buri gice cy'inyuma gikurikirana. Iki gice cyitwa "igihe cy'inyuma".
Iki gipimo gitanga impinduka nshya ikomeye. Hari isano iri hagati y’igihe cy’indobo n’ubukana bw’imvura: igihe gito kigaragaza imvura nyinshi, mu gihe igihe kirekire kigaragaza imvura yoroheje. Microprocessor iri mu bwato ikoresha iki gihe cy’indobo nk’ingenzi mu buryo bwo kwishyura butari umurongo ugororotse, bugaragaza isano iri hagati y’ingano nyayo y’imvura kuri buri mpera n’igihe cy’imvura. Iyi sano, igaragazwa n’umurimo wo gukosora
J = 0, yemerera igikoresho kubara neza ingano nyayo y'imvura kuriinama ya buri wese ku giti cyeKu mirongo ifite igihe gito (ubukana bwinshi), algorithm ibarura agaciro k'imvura nini gato, ikongera amazi yari kubura bitewe n'ingaruka z'igihombo gikabije.Ubu buryo bushingiye kuri porogaramu bugaragaza ihame rya "gukosora ibintu mu buryo bwikora, buhoro buhoro bikigera ku rwego rwiza." Butuma uburyo igikoresho gipima ibintu bunonosorwa kandi buvugururwa mu rwego rwo guhindura ibipimo bya porogaramu aho guhindura ibintu biremereye bya mashini ku buremere cyangwa vis. Ibi ni inyungu ikomeye mu mikorere, byoroshya cyane kubungabunga igihe kirekire no kwemeza ko ibintu bihoraho.
4. Byakozwe mu rwego rw'ikoranabuhanga: Ibiranga ingirakamaro n'ikoreshwa
Uretse ikoranabuhanga ry'imbere, icyuma gipima imvura kigezweho cyakozwe gifite imikorere ifatika kugira ngo gikoreshwe neza kandi gikoreshwe neza mu bihe bigoye.
Kwemeza ko ibimera bizakomeza kumera neza igihe kirekire: Akamaro ko kurwanya ibiza
Ishusho ya 1: Umuyoboro w’amazi ukusanya imvura ufite imiyoboro irinda amasasu, ikintu cy’ingenzi mu gukumira kuziba no kwemeza ko amakuru ahora ari meza mu murima igihe kirekire.
Ikintu cy’ingenzi mu gukusanya ni urusobe rw’imisumari ityaye ikikije umugongo wayo. Iyi ni uburyo bworoshye kandi bufite akamaro kanini bwo gukumira inyoni kugwa no kubaka ibyari mu muyoboro w’igipimo. Icyari cy’inyoni ni impamvu nyamukuru yo kunanirwa k’umurima, kuko gishobora kuziba burundu umuyoboro w’amazi bigatuma amakuru yose atakara. Ubu buryo bwo kurwanya ifunga ry’amazi burinda bene ubwo buryo bwo kuziba, bunoza uburyo amakuru aboneka, butuma amakuru aba meza, kandi bukagabanya amafaranga menshi yo gusura ahantu hakorerwa ibikorwa byo kubungabunga.
Aho ubushishozi ari ingenzi: Ingero z'ingenzi z'ikoreshwa
Amakuru ajyanye n'ukuri cyane atangwa n'izi gauges zigezweho ni ingenzi mu nzego nyinshi:
•Ubumenyi bw'ikirere n'ubumenyi bw'amazi:Itanga amakuru nyayo yo gukurikirana imiterere y'amazi, iteganyagihe, n'ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi ku miterere y'ikirere.
•Uburinzi n'uburyo bwo kwirinda umwuzure:Itanga amakuru yizewe kandi y’ubukana bw’imvura mu gihe nyacyo, akenewe mu buryo bwo gutanga amakuru mbere y’igihe, ifasha mu kurinda ubuzima n’imitungo.
•Imicungire y'ubuhinzi:Bifasha mu kugena gahunda yo kuhira neza hashingiwe ku mvura nyayo yaguye, ibi bikaba bifasha mu kubungabunga umutungo w'amazi no kongera umusaruro w'ibihingwa.
•Imicungire y'amazi mu mijyi:Ishyigikira igishushanyo mbonera cyiza no kugenzura imikorere nyayo y'imiyoboro y'amazi yo mu mujyi n'uburyo bwo gucunga amazi y'imvura kugira ngo hirindwe imyuzure mu mijyi.
Igereranya ry'ibintu: Igisubizo kiringaniye
TBRG igezweho, ikosowe na algorithm ifite umwanya wihariye kandi w'agaciro mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima imvura. Nubwo hari ibindi bikoresho, buri kimwe kizana inyungu zikomeye:
•Ibipimo byo gupima:Bitanga ubuziranenge bwo hejuru kandi bishobora gupima imvura ikomeye nk'urubura. Ariko, biragoye cyane mu buryo bwa mekanike, birushaho kwitwara nabi bitewe n'umuyaga, kandi bihendutse cyane, bigatuma bidashoboka ko habaho gukoresha imiyoboro myinshi.
•Ibipimo bya Siphon:Tanga amateka y'imvura ihoraho ariko ikunze kwangirika, ikenera kwitabwaho kenshi, kandi ifite "ahantu hatagaragara" mu gihe cyo kuyikuramo vuba.
•Ibipimo by'Ikoranabuhanga:Nta bice byimuka kandi bitanga igihe cyo gusubiza vuba, ariko ubunyangamugayo bwabyo buterwa n'imibare ikoreshwa mu guhindura urumuri rusadutse mu gihe cy'imvura kandi bishobora kwangizwa n'ibihu cyangwa indorerwamo z'amabara.
TBRG y'ubwenge ifunga neza icyuho cy'ubuziranenge ikoresheje ibipimo bihenze byo gupima, cyane cyane ku mvura y'amazi, ariko ikagumana imbaraga zayo, ikoresha ingufu nke, kandi ikagira akamaro gakomeye ku giciro cyatumye igishushanyo mbonera cyayo gikwirakwira hose.
5. Umwanzuro: Ibyiza kurusha ibindi byose byo ku isi
Igipimo cy’imvura cyo mu bwoko bwa "tipping bag" gigezweho gipima neza uburyo gikoreshwa mu gupima imvura mu buryo bugezweho gihuza neza uburyo gisanzwe gihamye n’uburyo bworoshye bwo gukora imashini, hamwe n’uburyo bworoshye bwo gukosora hakoreshejwe ubuhanga, bukoreshwa na porogaramu. Mu kugaragaza buri gice gishingiye ku gihe cyacyo aho kubara gusa, gitsinda igihombo giterwa n’uburyo bwa kera, bigatuma cyuzuza amahame agenga ubuziranenge bw’inganda mu buryo bwose bw’imvura.
Ifite uburinganire bwiza hagati y’ubuziranenge n’imikorere. Nubwo ibipimo byo gupima bishobora gutanga ubuziranenge bwo hejuru mu bidukikije bigenzurwa, TBRG yakosowe na algorithm itanga imikorere ingana cyane kandi ihamye cyane ku miyoboro minini. Ihujwe n’ibintu bifatika byakozwe kugira ngo bikoreshwe mu murima igihe kirekire, ni igisubizo gikomeye, gisobanutse, kandi kidasaba ubwishingizi bwinshi ku muhanga uwo ari we wese ukeneye amakuru yizewe kandi meza y’imvura.
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