Uretse amashusho ya satelite n'ibishushanyo mbonera by'ikirere, urujya n'uruza rw'ibikoresho byoroheje ibihumbi by'imashini rurimo kwandika amakuru y'ibanze y'ingenzi ku gihugu cyahungabanyijwe n'amapfa n'umwuzure.
Mu misozi ya Sierra Norte muri Oaxaca, agakoresho gapima imvura gatukura gapima imvura ku kigo cy’iteganyagihe cy’abaturage kagaragaje imvura ya milimetero 1.200 mu gihembwe gishize. Ibirometero magana ane uvuye aho i Guanajuato, agakoresho nk’ako kari “kamize” milimetero 280 gusa—ni ukuvuga munsi ya kimwe cya kane cy’ingano.
Ibi bikorwa bibiri byoroshye bya tekiniki bivuga cyane kurusha raporo iyo ari yo yose, bigaragaza ukuri gukabije ku kuri kw'amazi muri Megizike: ikwirakwizwa ry'amazi rikabije. Igihugu gihanganye icyarimwe n'amapfa akomeye mu majyaruguru, imyuzure mu gihe cy'imyaka mu majyepfo, ndetse n'amazi menshi yo mu butaka acukurwa mu gihugu hose. Bahanganye n'iki kibazo gikomeye, abafata ibyemezo bemeza ko imishinga minini y'amazi n'amagambo yo kuzigama amazi bigomba kuba yubakiye ku kibazo cy'ingenzi cyane: Mu by'ukuri dufite amazi angana iki?
Igisubizo cy' "ukuri kw'ibanze" kuri iki kibazo gishingiye cyane ku bipimo by'imvura bisa nkaho bitagikoreshwa mu gihe cy'imyaka myinshi biri mu misozi miremire, mu bibaya, mu mirima y'ubuhinzi no ku bisenge by'umujyi.
Gushishikariza igihugu: Kuva mu ibura ry'amakuru kugeza ku rubuga rw'igenzura
Mu mateka, hari icyuho kinini mu makuru y’imvura muri Megizike, cyane cyane mu byaro no mu misozi. Kuva mu 2020, Komisiyo y’Igihugu y’Amazi, ku bufatanye n’ibigo nka Umuryango w’Abadage w’Ubufatanye Mpuzamahanga, yateje imbere Gahunda yo Guteza Imbere Igenzura ry’Imvura mu Gihugu. Ingamba nyamukuru ni ugushyira ku rwego runini ahantu hahendutse kandi horoshye kubungabunga hakoreshwa uburyo bwo gupima imvura mu turere tutari kure y’aho ahantu hasanzwe hakoreshwa ikirere.
- Uburyo bwo guhitamo: Mu turere twa kure dufite ingengo y'imari nke n'ubushobozi buke bwo kubungabunga, kuba ikoranabuhanga rikora neza, kuba nta ngufu zikenewe zo hanze (ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba zishobora gukoresha ingufu mu kubika amakuru), no koroshya gusuzuma ikirere (reba, tega amatwi, sukura) bituma biba amahitamo adasobanutse neza.
- Guteza imbere Demokarasi: Aya makuru yoherezwa mu buryo bwihuse mu bubiko bw'igihugu kandi agashyirwa ku nzego z'ibanze, abashakashatsi, ndetse n'abahinzi babyifuza binyuze ku rubuga rufunguye rwo kuri interineti. Amakuru yahindutse ava mu bubiko bw'ibanga ajya mu bubiko rusange.
Ibintu by'ingenzi bikoreshwa: "Ibaruramari" ry'amazi akoresha amakuru
Icyitegererezo cya 1: "Igipimo gikwiye" cy'ubwishingizi bw'ubuhinzi
Muri Sinaloa, kamwe mu turere tw’ubuhinzi tw’ingenzi cyane muri Megizike, amapfa yikurikiranya n’imvura idakira yibasira abahinzi. Guverinoma n’ibigo by’ubwishingizi byigenga bafatanyije gutangiza "ubwishingizi bw’iteganyagihe." Kwishyura ntibigishingiye ku isuzuma ry’ibyangiritse by’umuntu ku giti cye ahubwo bishingiye gusa ku makuru y’imvura yavuye mu bipimo byinshi by’imvura mu gace runaka. Iyo imvura y’ibihe iguye munsi y’umubare w’amasezerano, kwishyura bihita bitangira. Amakuru y’imvura aba ikimenyetso cy’uko umuhinzi asabwa kandi akaba ari yo amufasha.
Icyitegererezo cya 2: Umwuzure wo mu mijyi “Umutangabuhamya”
Mu Mujyi wa Mexique, umujyi munini wubatswe ku cyahoze ari ku kiyaga, imyuzure yo mu mijyi ni ikibazo gikomeye. Abayobozi b'umujyi bashyize hamwe cyane mu duce two kuvomera amazi mu mazi yo hejuru no mu duce tw'ingenzi two kuvomera amazi. Amakuru y'ubukana bw'imvura batanga mu gihe nyacyo ni ibitekerezo by'imvura mu mujyi. Iyo sitasiyo nyinshi zanditse "inshuro zidasanzwe zovomera amazi" mu gihe gito, ikigo cya 预警 gishobora gutanga ubutumwa burambuye ku duce two munsi y'amazi mu minota 30-90 mbere y'uko amazi atangira, kandi kigatanga abakozi b'ubutabazi.
Icyitegererezo cya 3: “Imbonerahamwe y'amazi yo munsi y'ubutaka”
Muri Guanajuato, ikoresha amazi yo mu buhinzi cyane cyane mu mazi yo mu butaka, ikoreshwa ry’amazi yo mu buhinzi rifitanye isano ryemewe n’amategeko n’uko amazi aboneka. Amashyirahamwe y’abakoresha amazi yo mu karere yashyizeho uburyo bwo kugenzura aho amazi akoreshwa mu mazi anyura mu mazi. Aya makuru abara amazi akoreshwa mu mazi yo mu butaka buri mwaka, bityo akaba ari yo ashingiraho mu kugena umubare w’amazi yo mu buhinzi. Imvura iba umutungo w’amazi ushobora kubarwa kugira ngo “uhabwe” kandi “ukwirakwizwe.”
Icyitegererezo cya 4: "Ubuyobozi bw'Umuryango" ku bijyanye no guhangana n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere
Ku kirwa cya Yucatán, abahinzi bo mu gace ka Maya bakoresha amakuru aturuka mu bigo by’ubuhinzi bitanga ingano, hamwe n’ubumenyi gakondo, kugira ngo bahindure igihe cyo gutera n’ubwoko bw’ibigori n’ibishyimbo. Ntibakishingikiriza gusa ku bimenyetso karemano ahubwo bapimye amakuru y’amateka kugira ngo barusheho guhangana n’ibihe by’imvura bikomeje kwiyongera.
Imbogamizi zo mu gace runaka n'udushya
Gukoresha ubu buryo "bworoshye" muri Megizike bisaba kumenyera imbogamizi zidasanzwe:
- UV ikomeye n'ubushyuhe: Ibice bisanzwe bya pulasitiki byangiritse vuba. Ibipimo bikoresha ibikoresho bihamye bya UV n'ibice by'icyuma.
- Umukungugu: Imvura nyinshi ituruka mu ivumbi ifunga umuyoboro w'amazi. Amabwiriza yo kubungabunga urugo arimo gusukura buri gihe hakoreshejwe uburoso bworoshye n'ibikoresho bihumeka umwuka.
- Kubangamira inyamaswa: Mu murima, udukoko, imiserebanya, n'inyamaswa nto zishobora kwinjira. Gushyiramo imiyoboro myiza n'amazu yo kurinda inyamaswa byabaye ibisanzwe.
Ahazaza: Kuva ku "tudomo" twihariye kugera ku "rubuga" rw'ubwenge
Igipimo kimwe cyo gupima imvura ni ahantu hagaragaza amakuru. Iyo amagana ahujwe n'umuyoboro w'amazi kandi agahuzwa n'ibikoresho by'ubushuhe bw'ubutaka n'ibipimo by'imvura bya satelite kugira ngo bigenzurwe neza, agaciro kabyo karahinduka mu buryo bw'ubuziranenge. Ibigo by'ubushakashatsi bya Megizike birimo gukoresha aya makuru y'ukuri kugira ngo bigenzure kandi binoze ingero z'imvura zishingiye kuri satelite, bigakora amakarita y'igihugu ajyanye n'ikwirakwizwa ry'imvura neza cyane.
Umwanzuro: Kurengera icyubahiro cy'ubukanishi mu gihe cy'ikoranabuhanga
Mu gihe cyiganjemo lidar, radar y’ikirere igendanwa, hamwe n’uburyo bwo guhanura imiterere y’ikirere, akamaro karambye k’igipimo cy’imvura cya tipping bucket ni isomo rikomeye mu "ikoranabuhanga rikwiye." Ntabwo rikurikirana ibintu bigoye cyane ahubwo riharanira kwizerwa, kurambye, no kugerwaho mu buryo bwihariye.
Kuri Megizike, izi ndobo z'icyuma zikwirakwiriye mu gihugu hose ntabwo zipima milimetero z'imvura gusa. Bandika igitabo cy'ibanze cy'umutekano w'amazi mu gihugu, bongeraho ishingiro ryumvikana mu guhangana n'ibibazo by'abaturage, kandi bibutsa buri wese mu buryo butaziguye: buri gitonyanga cy'imvura ni ikibazo cyo kubaho no gutera imbere. Muri uyu mushinga ukomeye w'ingenzi ku mibereho y'igihugu, rimwe na rimwe igisubizo cyiza kiba kiri mu "ndobo igoranye" yoroshye, idacogora.
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