1. Ikibazo cyo kugenzura ikirere mu mijyi no kuburira hakiri kare
(I) Amavu n'amavuko y'umushinga
Mu igenzura ry’ikirere mu mujyi munini wo muri Ositaraliya, ibikoresho bisanzwe byo kwitegereza ikirere bifite imbogamizi mu gukurikirana impinduka mu miterere y’ibicu, ahantu hagwa imvura n’ubukana bwayo, kandi biragoye guhaza serivisi nziza z’ikirere mu mujyi. Cyane cyane mu gihe habaye ikirere gitunguranye gitunguranye, ntibishoboka gutanga umuburo hakiri kare kandi neza, ibyo bikaba biteza akaga gakomeye ku buzima bw’abatuye mu mijyi, ubwikorezi n’umutekano rusange. Kugira ngo hongerwe ubushobozi bwo gukurikirana ikirere no kuburira hakiri kare, amashami abishinzwe yashyizeho abafata amashusho y’ikirere.
(II) Igisubizo
Mu turere dutandukanye tw'umujyi, nko mu biro by'igenzura ry'ikirere, ku bisenge by'inyubako ndende n'ahandi hantu hafunguye, hashyizweho amashusho menshi yo mu kirere. Aya mashusho akoresha indorerwamo nini kugira ngo afate amashusho yo mu kirere mu gihe nyacyo, akoreshe ikoranabuhanga ryo kumenya no gutunganya amashusho kugira ngo asesengure ubunini, umuvuduko w'ingendo, icyerekezo cy'iterambere ry'ibicu, nibindi, kandi ayahuze n'amakuru nka radar y'ikirere n'amashusho yo mu bicu bya satelite. Ayo makuru ahuzwa na sisitemu yo gukurikirana ikirere mu mijyi no kuburira hakiri kare kugira ngo hagerweho igenzura ry'amasaha 24 ritabangamiye. Iyo ibimenyetso by'ikirere kidasanzwe bigaragaye, sisitemu ihita itanga amakuru y'uburinzi hakiri kare ku nzego zibishinzwe no ku baturage.
(III) Ingaruka zo gushyira mu bikorwa
Nyuma y’uko ishusho y’ikirere ikoreshejwe, uburyo bwo kugenzura ikirere mu mijyi no kuburira hakiri kare byarushijeho kuba byiza. Mu gihe cy’ihindagurika ry’ikirere rikomeye, iterambere ry’ibicu n’inzira y’ingendo byakurikiranwe neza amasaha 2 mbere y’uko bitangira, ibyo bikaba byarahaye ubuyobozi bw’umujyi mu kugenzura imyuzure, inzira y’imodoka n’izindi nzego igihe gihagije cyo guhangana n’ibiza. Ugereranyije n’igihe cyashize, uburyo bwo kuburira ikirere bwiyongereyeho 30%, kandi uburyo abaturage bishimira serivisi z’ikirere bwazamutse kuva kuri 70% kugera kuri 85%, bigabanya igihombo mu bukungu n’impfu zaterwaga n’ibiza by’ikirere.
2. Icyegeranyo cy'umutekano w'indege ku kibuga cy'indege
(I) Amavu n'amavuko y'umushinga
Mu gihe cyo guhaguruka no kugwa kw'indege ku kibuga cy'indege mu burasirazuba bwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ibicu biri mu butumburuke bwo hasi, uburyo bwo kugaragara n'ibindi bipimo by'ikirere bigira ingaruka zikomeye. Ibikoresho byo kugenzura ikirere bya mbere ntabwo bihagije kugira ngo bigenzure impinduka mu bipimo by'ikirere mu gace gato gakikije ikibuga cy'indege. Mu bicu bike, igihu n'ibindi bipimo by'ikirere, biragoye gupima neza uburyo inzira y'indege igaragara, ibyo byongera ibyago byo gutinda kw'indege, guhagarikwa ndetse n'impanuka z'umutekano, bigira ingaruka ku mikorere y'ikibuga cy'indege n'umutekano w'indege. Kugira ngo iki kibazo kirusheho kunozwa, ikibuga cy'indege cyashyizeho icyuma gifata amashusho mu kirere.
(II) Igisubizo
Amashusho yo mu kirere afite ubuhanga buhanitse ashyirwa ku mpera zombi z'ikibuga cy'indege n'ahantu h'ingenzi hakikije kugira ngo akurikirane kandi asesengure ibintu by'ikirere nk'ibicu, uburyo bigaragara, n'imvura hejuru no hafi y'ikibuga cy'indege mu gihe nyacyo. Amashusho yafashwe n'umuntu ajyanwa mu kigo cy'ikirere cy'ikibuga cy'indege binyuze mu muyoboro wabugenewe, kandi agahuzwa n'amakuru aturutse mu bindi bikoresho by'ikirere kugira ngo hakorwe ikarita y'imiterere y'ikirere y'akarere k'ikibuga cy'indege. Iyo imiterere y'ikirere yegereye cyangwa igeze ku gaciro k'ingenzi k'ibipimo by'urugendo rw'indege n'aho rugwa, sisitemu izahita itanga amakuru y'umuburo ku ishami rishinzwe kugenzura ikirere, indege, n'ibindi, bitanga ishingiro ryo gufata ibyemezo ku buyobozi bw'ingendo zo mu kirere no kugena igihe cy'ingendo.
(III) Ingaruka zo gushyira mu bikorwa
Nyuma yo gushyiraho icyuma gipima ikirere, ubushobozi bwo gukurikirana ikirere ku bijyanye n'imiterere y'ikirere burushijeho kwiyongera cyane. Mu bicu bike n'ikirere cy'ibicu, urwego rw'indege rushobora gupimwa neza, bigatuma ibyemezo byo guhaguruka no kugwa kw'indege biba iby'ubumenyi kandi bifatika. Igipimo cyo gutinda k'indege cyagabanutseho 25%, kandi umubare w'indege zihagarikwa bitewe n'impamvu z'ikirere wagabanutseho 20%. Muri icyo gihe, urwego rw'umutekano w'indege rwarushijeho kunozwa, bishimangira umutekano w'abagenzi mu ngendo ndetse n'imikorere isanzwe y'ikibuga cy'indege.
3. Ubushakashatsi ku byerekeye ikirere
(I) Amavu n'amavuko y'umushinga
Iyo ukoze isuzuma ry’ikirere mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi bw’inyenyeri muri Isilande, bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku miterere y’ikirere, cyane cyane ibicu bitwikiriye, bibangamira cyane gahunda yo gusuzuma. Iteganyagihe gakondo riragoye kumenya neza impinduka z’ikirere mu gihe gito aho ugiye kureba, bigatuma ibikoresho byo kureba akenshi biba bidakora kandi bitegereje, bigabanyiriza imikorere myiza yo kureba kandi bigira ingaruka ku iterambere ry’ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi. Kugira ngo hongerwe imikorere myiza yo kureba ikirere, icyo kigo gikoresha icyuma gifata amashusho mu kirere kugira ngo gifashe mu isuzuma.
(II) Igisubizo
Ishusho y'ikirere ishyirwa ahantu hafunguye h'ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi bw'ikirere kugira ngo ifate amashusho y'ikirere mu gihe nyacyo kandi isesengura imiterere y'ibicu. Mu guhuza n'ibikoresho byo kureba ikirere, iyo ifoto y'ikirere ibonye ko hari ibicu bike mu gace k'ubushakashatsi kandi imiterere y'ikirere ikwiriye, ibikoresho byo kureba ikirere bihita bitangira gukoreshwa; iyo urwego rw'ibicu rwiyongereye cyangwa habayeho izindi mimerere mibi y'ikirere, isuzuma rirahagarara ku gihe kandi hagatangwa umuburo hakiri kare. Muri icyo gihe, amakuru y'ishusho y'ikirere cy'igihe kirekire abikwa kandi agasesengurwa, kandi imiterere y'imihindagurikire y'ikirere y'ahantu ho kureba irashyirwa muri make kugira ngo habeho icyitegererezo cyo gushyiraho gahunda zo kureba.
(III) Ingaruka zo gushyira mu bikorwa
Nyuma y’uko ishusho y’ikirere ikoreshejwe, igihe cyo kwitegereza neza ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi ku isanzure cyiyongereyeho 35%, kandi igipimo cyo gukoresha ibikoresho byo kwitegereza cyarushijeho kuba cyiza cyane. Abashakashatsi bashobora kubona amahirwe yo kwitegereza ku gihe, bakabona amakuru meza yo kwitegereza ku isanzure, kandi bageze ku musaruro mushya w’ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi mu bijyanye n’ubwihindurize bw’inyenyeri n’ubushakashatsi ku isanzure ry’inyenyeri, byateje imbere iterambere ry’ubushakashatsi ku isanzure.
Ishusho y'ikirere igeraho imikorere yayo ikoresheje gukusanya, gutunganya no gusesengura amashusho y'ikirere. Nzagukuraho mu buryo burambuye uburyo bwo kubona amashusho, gusesengura ibintu by'ikirere n'ibisubizo bivuye mu bice bibiri by'imiterere y'ibikoresho na porogaramu, no kugusobanurira ihame ry'imikorere.
Ishusho y'ikirere ikurikirana ahanini imiterere y'ikirere n'ibice by'ikirere binyuze mu gushushanya amashusho, kumenya amashusho no gusesengura amakuru. Ihame ryayo ry'imikorere ni iri rikurikira:
Gufata amashusho: Ishusho y'ikirere ifite lensi ifite inguni nini cyangwa lensi y'ijisho, ishobora gufata amashusho y'ikirere gifite inguni nini yo kureba. Ingano y'amashusho y'ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe ishobora kugera kuri dogere 360, kugira ngo ifate amakuru yose nk'ibicu n'urumuri mu kirere. Lensi ihuza urumuri n'icyuma gipima ishusho (nka CCD cyangwa CMOS sensor), maze icyo gipima gihindura ikimenyetso cy'urumuri mo ikimenyetso cy'amashanyarazi cyangwa ikimenyetso cy'ikoranabuhanga kugira ngo kirangize ifatwa ry'ishusho bwa mbere.
Gutunganya amashusho mbere y’uko aboneka: Ishusho y’umwimerere yakusanyijwe ishobora kugira ibibazo nk’urusaku n’urumuri rudahuye, kandi gutunganya amashusho mbere y’uko aboneka birakenewe. Urusaku rw’amashusho ruvanwaho hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kuyungurura, kandi itandukaniro ry’amashusho n’urumuri bihindurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kuringaniza amashusho n’ubundi buryo kugira ngo hongerwe uburyo bwo gusesengura intego nk’ibicu mu ishusho kugira ngo birusheho kugaragara neza.
Gutahura no kumenya ibicu: Koresha uburyo bwo kumenya amashusho kugira ngo usesengure amashusho yateguwe mbere kandi umenye ahantu hakozwe mu bicu. Uburyo busanzwe burimo uburyo bwo gutandukanya ibice by'ibicu, bushyiraho uburyo bukwiye bwo gutandukanya ibicu n'inyuma hashingiwe ku itandukaniro riri hagati y'ibicu n'inyuma y'ikirere; uburyo bwo gusesengura amashusho bushingiye ku ikoranabuhanga, butoza amakuru menshi y'amashusho y'ikirere kugira ngo icyerekezo kimenye imiterere y'ibicu, bityo bugasobanura neza ibicu.
Isesengura ry'ibintu by'ikirere:
Kubara ibipimo by'ibicu: Nyuma yo kumenya ibicu, sesengura ibipimo nk'ubugari bw'ibicu, ubuso, umuvuduko w'impinduka n'icyerekezo. Mu kugereranya amashusho yafashwe mu bihe bitandukanye, banza ubare impinduka mu mwanya w'ibicu, hanyuma ubone umuvuduko w'impinduka n'icyerekezo; gereranya ubugari bw'ibicu ukurikije amakuru y'ibara ry'ibicu biri ku ishusho, hamwe n'icyitegererezo cyo kohereza imirasire y'ikirere.
Isuzuma ry'uko ibintu bigaragara: Gereranya uko ibintu bigaragara mu kirere usesengura uburyo ibintu bigaragara kure, itandukaniro n'ibindi bintu bigaragara mu ishusho, hamwe n'icyitegererezo cyo gutatana mu kirere. Niba amashusho ari kure mu ishusho adasobanutse neza kandi itandukaniro riri hasi, bivuze ko ibintu bigaragara nabi.
Gusuzuma imiterere y'ikirere: Uretse ibicu, abafata amashusho y'ikirere bashobora no kumenya ibindi bintu bibera mu kirere. Urugero, mu gusesengura niba hari ibitonyanga by'imvura, urubura n'ibindi bimenyetso by'urumuri bigaragara mu ishusho, birashoboka kumenya niba hari ikirere cy'imvura; bitewe n'ibara ry'ikirere n'impinduka mu mucyo, birashoboka gufasha mu kumenya niba hari ibintu bibera mu kirere nk'inkuba n'ibihu.
Gutunganya no gusohora amakuru: Amakuru y’imiterere y’ikirere asesenguwe nk’ibicu n’uburyo agaragara ahuzwa kandi agasohoka mu buryo bw’imbonerahamwe zigaragara, raporo z’amakuru, nibindi. Hari abafata amashusho mu kirere bashyigikira guhuza amakuru n’ibindi bikoresho byo kugenzura imiterere y’ikirere (nk’ama-radar y’ikirere n’amasitasiyo y’ikirere) kugira ngo batange serivisi zuzuye z’amakuru y’ikirere ku bijyanye n’ikoreshwa ry’ibintu nko guhanura ikirere, umutekano w’indege, no kugenzura ikirere.
Niba ushaka kumenya byinshi ku bijyanye n'amahame y'igice runaka cy'ishusho y'ikirere, cyangwa itandukaniro riri mu mahame y'ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibikoresho, nyamuneka umbwire.
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