Utwuma tw’umwuka tudaturika dufite uruhare runini mu mutekano w’inganda muri Kazakisitani. Ibi bikurikira ni isesengura rirambuye ry’ikoreshwa ryabyo mu buzima busanzwe, imbogamizi, n’ibisubizo byabyo mu gihugu.
Imiterere n'ibikenewe mu nganda muri Kazakisitani
Kazakisitani ni ikigo gikomeye mu nganda za peteroli, gaze, ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, n'ibinyabutabire. Ahantu hakorerwa akazi muri izi nganda akenshi hatera ibyago bituruka ku myuka itwika (methane, VOCs), imyuka y'uburozi (Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S, Carbon Monoxide CO), ndetse n'ibura rya ogisijeni. Kubwibyo, ibyuma bipima gaze bidaturika ni ibikoresho by'ingenzi mu kurinda umutekano w'abakozi, gukumira impanuka zikomeye, no gukomeza gukora umusaruro uhoraho.
Akamaro k'Impamyabumenyi Idaturika: Muri Kazakisitani, ibikoresho nk'ibi bigomba kubahiriza amategeko ya tekiniki yo mu gace ndetse n'ibyemezo mpuzamahanga byemewe cyane birwanya guturika, nka ATEX (EU) na IECEx (International), kugira ngo bibe byitezwe ko biri mu mutekano mu bidukikije biteje akaga.
Imanza nyazo zo Gukoresha
Ikibazo cya 1: Gucukura peteroli na gaze mu mazi yo hejuru – Ibikoresho byo gucukura n'amasoko y'amazi
- Aho biherereye: Ibigo by'ingenzi bya peteroli na gaze nka Tengiz, Kashagan, na Karachaganak.
- Ishusho y'Ikoreshwa: Gukurikirana imyuka itwika na Hydrogen Sulfide (H₂S) ku mbuga zicukura, ku nkuta z'amazi, ku byuma bitandukanya amazi, no ku bibanza byo guteraniramo.
- Imbogamizi:
- Ibidukikije bikabije: Ubukonje bukabije bw'itumba (munsi ya -30°C), ivumbi ry'impeshyi/imvura y'umucanga, bisaba ko ibikoresho birwanya ikirere cyane.
- Ubucucike bwinshi bwa H₂S: Amavuta akozwe mu ifumbire na gaze karemano mu bintu byinshi birimo uburozi bwinshi bwa H₂S, aho n'aho amazi make ashobora kwica.
- Gukurikirana buri gihe: Inzira yo gukora irakomeza; ikibazo icyo ari cyo cyose gitera igihombo gikomeye mu bukungu, bigasaba ko ibikoresho bikora neza kandi mu buryo buhamye.
- Ibisubizo:
- Gushyiraho sisitemu zo gupima imyuka idahinduka cyangwa irinda umuriro.
- Utumashini dukoresha ihame rya Catalytic Bead (LEL) ku bintu bitwika n'uturemangingo twa Electrochemical ku bura bwa H₂S na O₂.
- Izi sensor zishyirwa ahantu hashobora gusohoka amazi (urugero: hafi ya valves, flanges, compressors).
- Ibisubizo:
- Iyo ubwinshi bwa gazi bugeze ku rugero rwo hasi rw’intabaza, intabaza zumvikana n’iz’amashusho zihita zitangira gukoreshwa mu cyumba cy’ubuyobozi.
- Iyo igeze ku rwego rwo hejuru rw'intabaza, sisitemu ishobora gutangiza mu buryo bwikora inzira zo kuzimya umuriro (ESD), nko gufunga valves, gukora ihumeka, cyangwa kuzimya umuriro, gukumira inkongi, guturika, cyangwa uburozi.
- Abakozi bafite kandi ibikoresho byo gupima imyuka ishobora guturika mu buryo bwo kwinjira mu mwanya ufunze no kugenzura buri gihe.
Ikibazo cya 2: Imiyoboro itwara gazi karemano n'ibigega bya kompreseri
- Aho biherereye: Sitasiyo za compressor na sitasiyo za valve ku miyoboro y'imiyoboro ya trans-Kazakhstan (urugero, umuyoboro wa Aziya yo Hagati-Centre).
- Ishusho y'uko ikoreshwa: Gukurikirana aho gazi ya metani iva mu byumba bya compressor, aho gazi inyura, n'aho imiyoboro ihurira.
- Imbogamizi:
- Gutemba kw'amazi mu miyoboro bigoye kubimenya: Umuvuduko mwinshi w'amazi mu miyoboro utuma n'amazi make ashobora gukurura akaga vuba.
- Sitasiyo Zitagira Abapilote: Sitasiyo nyinshi za valve ziri kure ntabwo zikoresha abapilote, bisaba kugenzura kure no kwisuzuma.
- Ibisubizo:
- Gukoresha ibikoresho byo gupima imyuka bikoresha infrared (IR) bishobora gushya bidaturika. Ibi ntibigira ingaruka ku kirere kidafite ogisijeni kandi bimara igihe kirekire, bigatuma biba byiza cyane kuri gaze karemano (cyane cyane methane).
- Guhuza ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga muri sisitemu ya SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) kugira ngo amakuru ahererekanywa kure kandi agenzurwe mu buryo buhuriweho.
- Ibisubizo:
- Ifasha kugenzura ibikorwa remezo by'ingenzi amasaha 24/7. Icyumba cyo kugenzura gihita kibona aho amazi yamenetse maze kigatanga itsinda rishinzwe gusana, bigabanyiriza cyane igihe cyo gusubiza no kurinda umutekano w'imiyoboro y'ingufu z'igihugu.
Urubanza rwa 3: Ubucukuzi bw'amakara – Gukurikirana Gazi yo munsi y'ubutaka
- Aho biherereye: Ibirombe by'amakara mu turere nka Karaganda.
- Ishusho y'Ikoreshwa: Gukurikirana ubwinshi bwa fireamp (cyane cyane methane) na monoxide ya karuboni mu mihanda y'ibirombe n'aho bikorerwa.
- Imbogamizi:
- Ingaruka zikomeye cyane zo guturika: Kwiyongera kwa methane ni yo mpamvu nyamukuru itera guturika kw'ibirombe by'amakara.
- Ibidukikije bibi: Ubushuhe bwinshi, ivumbi ryinshi, n'ingaruka zishobora guterwa n'ikoranabuhanga.
- Ibisubizo:
- Gukoresha sensor za methane zicukurwa mu buryo bw'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, zagenewe guhangana n'ikirere kibi cyo munsi y'ubutaka.
- Gukora umuyoboro w’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga bicucitse hamwe no kohereza amakuru mu buryo bwihuse mu kigo cyo kohereza amakuru ku buso.
- Ibisubizo:
- Iyo ubwinshi bwa methane burenze urugero rw’umutekano, sisitemu ihita igabanya ingufu ku gice cyangiritse kandi igatera impuruza zo gusohoka, bigatuma metani itera guturika neza.
- Gukurikirana monoxide ya karuboni icyarimwe bifasha kumenya ibimenyetso bya mbere by'umuriro utunguranye mu miyoboro y'amakara.
Urubanza rwa 4: Inganda zitunganya imiti n'amavuta
- Aho biherereye: Inganda zitunganya ifumbire n'inganda zikora imiti mu mijyi nka Atyrau na Shymkent.
- Ishusho y'Ikoreshwa: Gukurikirana imyuka itandukanye ishobora gushya n'uburozi mu duce twa reactor, mu mirima y'ibigega, mu duce twa pompe, no mu duce two gupakira no gupakurura.
- Imbogamizi:
- Ubwoko bwinshi bwa gaze: Uretse ibintu bisanzwe bitwika, hashobora kuba hari gaze zidasanzwe z’uburozi nka benzene, ammonia, cyangwa chlorine.
- Ikirere cyangiza: Umwotsi uturuka mu binyabutabire bimwe na bimwe ushobora kwangiza ibyuma bipima ikirere.
- Ibisubizo:
- Gukoresha ibyuma bipima imyuka myinshi, aho umutwe umwe ushobora kugenzura imyuka itwika n'imyuka ihumanya 1-2 icyarimwe.
- Gushyira ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa sensors mu bikoresho bikingira ivumbi/amazi (IP-rated) hamwe n'ibikoresho birwanya ingese.
- Ibisubizo:
- Itanga igenzura ryimbitse ry’umutekano wa gazi ku mikorere igoye y’ibinyabutabire, irinda abakozi b’inganda n’abaturage bayikikije, kandi ikubahiriza amabwiriza akomeye yo muri Kazakisitani agenga umutekano w’inganda n’ibidukikije.
Incamake
Muri Kazakisitani, ibikoresho bipima gazi bidaturika si ibikoresho bisanzwe; ni "inzira y'ubuzima" ku mutekano w'inganda. Ikoreshwa ryabyo mu buzima busanzwe rikwirakwira hose mu nganda zikoresha ingufu n'ingufu, bigira ingaruka ku mutekano w'abakozi, kurengera umutungo wa miliyari z'amadolari, no ku bukungu bw'igihugu.
Bitewe n’ikoranabuhanga riteye imbere, ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga bifite ubushobozi bwo gukoresha interineti, uburyo bwo guhuza insinga, igihe kirekire cyo kubaho, no kwisuzuma biri kuba intambwe nshya mu mishinga mishya no kuvugurura ibikorwa muri Kazakisitani, bikomeza gushimangira ishingiro ry’umusaruro mu buryo butekanye muri iki gihugu gikungahaye ku mutungo.
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Igihe cyo kohereza: 30 Nzeri 2025