Nk’igihugu gikunze kugaragara mu birwa bya Filipine, gihura n’ibibazo byinshi mu micungire y’umutungo kamere w’amazi, harimo kwandura amazi yo kunywa, indabyo z’ibimera, no kwangirika k’ubuziranenge bw’amazi nyuma y’ibiza. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, hamwe n’iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima amazi, ibikoresho byo gupima amazi byagize uruhare runini mu kugenzura no gucunga ibidukikije mu gihugu. Iyi nkuru isesengura mu buryo burambuye ikoreshwa ry’ibikoresho byo gupima amazi muri Filipine, harimo n’ikoreshwa ryabyo mu kugenzura uruganda rutunganya amazi, gucunga ibiyaga, gutunganya amazi yanduye, no guhangana n’ibiza. Isesengura ingaruka z’iyi mikoreshereze y’ikoranabuhanga ku micungire y’ubuziranenge bw’amazi, ubuzima rusange, kurengera ibidukikije, n’iterambere ry’ubukungu muri Filipine, ndetse inagaragaza imiterere n’imbogamizi z’ejo hazaza. Mu gusuzuma ubunararibonye bw’imikoreshereze yo gupima amazi muri Filipine, hari ibintu by’ingenzi bishobora gutangwa ku bindi bihugu biri mu nzira y’amajyambere mu gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo kugenzura ubuziranenge bw’amazi.
Amavu n'amavuko y'ibibazo byo kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'amazi muri Filipine
Igihugu cya Filipine, igihugu giherereye mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya kigizwe n'ibirwa birenga 7.000, gihura n'ibibazo byihariye byo gucunga umutungo w'amazi bitewe n'imiterere y'ubutaka bwacyo. Kubera ko imvura igwa ku kigero cya mm 2.348 ku mwaka, iki gihugu gifite umutungo w'amazi mwinshi. Ariko, ikwirakwizwa ry'amazi ritari ryuzuye, ibikorwa remezo bidahagije, n'ibibazo bikomeye by'umwanda bituma igice kinini cy'abaturage kitagira amazi meza yo kunywa. Nk'uko bivugwa n'Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima, Abanyafilipine bagera kuri miliyoni 8 badafite amazi meza yo kunywa, bigatuma ireme ry'amazi riba ikibazo gikomeye ku buzima rusange.
Ibibazo by’ubuziranenge bw’amazi muri Filipine bigaragarira cyane cyane mu buryo bukurikira: kwandura gukabije kw’amazi aturuka mu masoko, cyane cyane mu duce dutuwe cyane nka Metro Manila, aho amazi yanduye yo mu nganda, imyanda yo mu ngo, n’amazi aturuka mu buhinzi atera indwara yo kubura amazi; indabyo nyinshi mu mazi akomeye nka Laguna Lake, zidatanga impumuro mbi gusa ahubwo zinasohora uburozi bwangiza mu mazi; umwanda w’icyuma gikomeye mu duce tw’inganda, aho cadmium (Cd), lisansi (Pb), na umuringa (Cu) byagaragaye mu kigobe cya Manila; hamwe no kwangirika k’ubuziranenge bw’amazi nyuma y’ibiza bitewe n’inkubi z’umuyaga n’imyuzure.
Uburyo gakondo bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'amazi buhura n'imbogamizi nyinshi mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa muri Filipine: isesengura rya laboratwari rirahenda kandi ritwara igihe, bigatuma igenzura ryihuse rigorana; itoranywa ry'amafoto n'intoki ribangamirwa n'imiterere y'igihugu, bigatuma ahantu henshi hatandukanye hatagaragara; kandi imicungire y'amakuru mu nzego zitandukanye ibangamira isesengura ryimbitse. Ibi bintu byose hamwe bibangamira ibisubizo byiza ku bibazo by'ubuziranenge bw'amazi.
Muri iki gihe, ibikoresho byo kugenzura amazi byarushijeho kuba byiza kandi mu buryo bwihuse. Ubushyuhe, ikimenyetso cy'ingenzi cy'uduce duto two mu mazi, ntabwo bigira ingaruka gusa ku bwiza bw'amazi ahubwo binafitanye isano rya bugufi n'ubwinshi bw'udukoko two mu mazi ndetse n'ubwinshi bw'ibinyabutabire bihumanya. Ibikoresho byo kugenzura amazi bigezweho bikora ku ihame ry'urumuri rutatanye: iyo urumuri runyuze mu gipimo cy'amazi, uduce duto two mu mazi dutatanya urumuri, maze sensor igapima ubukana bw'urumuri rutatanye rugana ku rumuri rw'impanuka, ikarugereranya n'agaciro ko kugenzura imbere kugira ngo hamenyekane ubushyuhe. Iri koranabuhanga ritanga ibipimo byihuse, ibisubizo nyabyo, n'ubushobozi bwo gukurikirana buri gihe, bigatuma rikwiriye cyane cyane ibyo Filipine ikeneye mu kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'amazi.
Iterambere riherutse mu ikoranabuhanga rya IoT n'imiyoboro ya sensor idafite insinga ryazamuye uburyo bwo gukoresha sensor zikoresha amazi mu kirere muri Filipine, kuva ku kugenzura uruganda rusanzwe rutunganya amazi kugeza ku gucunga ibiyaga, gutunganya amazi yanduye, no gutabara mu gihe cy'impanuka. Ubu bushya burimo guhindura uburyo bwo gucunga ubuziranenge bw'amazi, butanga ibisubizo bishya ku bibazo bimaze igihe kinini.
Incamake y'ikoranabuhanga ku byuma bipima ikirere n'uburyo bikoreshwa muri Filipine
Ibikoresho bipima ubushyuhe, nk'ibikoresho by'ingenzi mu kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'amazi, byishingikiriza ku mahame yabyo ya tekiniki n'imiterere y'imikorere kugira ngo bigenzure ko ari iby'ukuri mu bidukikije bigoye. Ibikoresho bipima ubushyuhe bigezweho ahanini bikoresha amahame yo gupima urumuri, harimo urumuri rutatanye, urumuri rwoherezwa, n'uburyo bwo gupima, aho urumuri rutatanye ari ikoranabuhanga rikuru bitewe n'ubuhanga bwarwo bwo hejuru n'ubudahangarwa. Iyo urumuri runyuze mu gipimo cy'amazi, uduce duto duto dutanya urumuri, maze sensor ikamenya ubukana bw'urumuri rutatanye ku nguni runaka (ubusanzwe 90°) kugira ngo imenye ubushyuhe. Ubu buryo bwo gupima butajyanye n'aho bugera burinda kwanduzwa na electrode, bigatuma ikoreshwa mu kugenzura kuri interineti igihe kirekire.
Ibipimo by'ingenzi by'imikorere y'ibipimo by'amazi birimo urwego rwo gupima (ubusanzwe NTU 0–2.000 cyangwa rwagutse), ubushobozi bwo kugaragaza (kugeza kuri NTU 0.1), uburyo bwo gukora neza (± 1%–5%), igihe cyo gusubiza, urwego rwo kwishyura ubushyuhe, n'uburyo bwo kurinda. Mu karere k'ubushyuhe ka Filipine, ubushobozi bwo guhuza ibidukikije ni ingenzi cyane, harimo no kudakoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi (urugero rwo gukora ruri hagati ya 0–50°C), uburyo bwo kurinda amazi buri hejuru (IP68 insufficient), n'ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ibihumanya ikirere. Ibipimo by'amashanyarazi bigezweho nabyo birimo uburyo bwo gusukura bwikora hakoreshejwe uburoso bwa mashini cyangwa ikoranabuhanga rya ultrasonic kugira ngo bigabanye inshuro zo kubungabunga.
Utwuma tw’amazi dukoreshwa mu gupima amazi dukwiriye cyane muri Filipine bitewe n’uburyo butandukanye bwo guhindura ibintu: amazi yo mu gihugu akunze kugaragaza amazi menshi, cyane cyane mu bihe by’imvura iyo amazi agwa ku buso yiyongera, bigatuma igenzura ry’igihe nyacyo riba ngombwa; amashanyarazi adahindagurika mu turere twa kure agenzurwa n’utwuma tw’amashanyarazi make (<0.5 W) dushobora gukora ku ngufu z’izuba; kandi imiterere y’ibirwa bituma itumanaho ridafite umugozi (urugero, RS485 Modbus/RTU, LoRaWAN) riba ryiza cyane ku miyoboro ikurikirana ibintu.
Muri Filipine, ibikoresho byo kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'amazi bikunze guhuzwa n'ibindi bipimo by'ubuziranenge bw'amazi kugira ngo bikore sisitemu zo kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'amazi zifite ibipimo byinshi. Ibipimo bisanzwe birimo pH, ogisijeni ishongeshejwe (DO), ubwikorezi bw'amazi mu kirere, ubushyuhe, na azote ya ammonia, byose hamwe bitanga isuzuma ryuzuye ry'ubuziranenge bw'amazi. Urugero, mu gukurikirana algae, guhuza amakuru y'ubuziranenge bw'amazi n'agaciro ka chlorophyll fluorescence byongera ubushobozi bwo kumenya neza ubwiza bw'ibimera; mu gutunganya amazi yanduye, gusuzuma isano iri hagati y'uburozi n'ubushyuhe bw'ibinyabutabire bya ogisijeni (COD) binoza uburyo bwo kuyatunganya. Ubu buryo buhuriweho bwongera ubushobozi bwo gukurikirana kandi bugabanya ikiguzi rusange cyo kuyakoresha.
Iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga rigaragaza ko porogaramu zo gupima ikirere muri Filipine zirimo kwerekeza kuri sisitemu z’ubwenge kandi zikoresha interineti. Utumashini dushya dukoresha uburyo bwo kubara amakuru mbere yo kuyatunganya no kuyamenya, mu gihe urubuga rw’ibicu rutuma amakuru aboneka kure kandi agasangizwa binyuze kuri mudasobwa na telefoni. Urugero, urubuga rwa Sunlight Smart Cloud rutuma abantu bashobora gukurikirana no kuyabika amasaha 24/7 mu bicu, bigatuma abakoresha babona amakuru y’amateka badakomeje kuyahuza. Aya materambere atanga ibikoresho bikomeye byo gucunga umutungo w’amazi, cyane cyane mu gukemura ibibazo by’amazi bitunguranye no gusesengura imiterere y’amazi mu gihe kirekire.
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