Hamwe niterambere ryihuse ryikoranabuhanga nka interineti yibintu nubwenge bwubuhanga, ibyuma bya gaze, igikoresho cyingenzi cyunvikana kizwi nka "amashanyarazi atanu yumuriro", kirimo amahirwe yiterambere ritigeze ribaho. Kuva igenzura ryambere ryimyuka yubumara ninganda zangiza kugeza mugukoreshwa kwinshi mugupima ubuvuzi, urugo rwubwenge, kugenzura ibidukikije nizindi nzego muri iki gihe, tekinoroji ya sensor ya gazi irimo guhinduka cyane kuva mumikorere imwe ikajya mubwenge, miniaturizasi no muburyo bwinshi. Iyi ngingo izasesengura byimazeyo ibiranga tekiniki, aho ubushakashatsi bugezweho ndetse n’imiterere y’imikoreshereze ya gaze ya gaze ku isi hose, hibandwa cyane cyane ku majyambere y’iterambere mu rwego rwo gukurikirana gaze mu bihugu nk'Ubushinwa na Amerika.
Ibiranga tekinike niterambere ryiterambere rya sensororo
Nkumuhinduzi uhindura igice cyijwi rya gaze runaka mubimenyetso byamashanyarazi bihuye, sensor ya gaze yabaye ikintu cyingenzi kandi cyingenzi mubuhanga bugezweho. Ubu bwoko bwibikoresho butunganya icyitegererezo cya gaze binyuze mumutwe, mubisanzwe harimo intambwe nko kuyungurura umwanda no kubangamira imyuka, kumisha cyangwa gukonjesha, hanyuma amaherezo ugahindura amakuru yibyuka bya gaze mubimenyetso byamashanyarazi bipimwa. Kugeza ubu, hari ubwoko butandukanye bwa sensororo ya gazi ku isoko, harimo ubwoko bwa semiconductor, ubwoko bwa electrochemic, ubwoko bwa catalitike yaka umuriro, ibyuma bya gazi ya infragre hamwe na sensor ya gazi ya fotionisiyonike (PID), nibindi.
Guhagarara no kwiyumvamo ibintu bibiri byingenzi byerekana gusuzuma imikorere ya gaze. Guhagarara bivuga gutsimbarara kubisubizo byibanze bya sensor mugihe cyakazi cyayo cyose, biterwa na zero drift na intera drift. Byiza, kubintu byujuje ubuziranenge murwego rwo gukomeza gukora, buri mwaka zero drift igomba kuba munsi ya 10%. Sensitivity bivuga ikigereranyo cyimpinduka mubisohoka bya sensor nimpinduka mubyapimwe byapimwe. Ibyiyumvo byubwoko butandukanye bwa sensor biratandukanye cyane, bitewe namahame ya tekiniki no guhitamo ibikoresho bafata. Mubyongeyeho, guhitamo (ni ukuvuga kwambukiranya-sensibilité) no kurwanya ruswa nabyo ni ibipimo byingenzi byo gusuzuma imikorere ya sensororo. Iyambere igena ubushobozi bwo kumenya ibyiyumvo mubidukikije bivanze na gaze, mugihe ibyanyuma bifitanye isano no kwihanganira sensor muri gaze yibanda cyane.
Iterambere ryubu rya tekinoroji ya sensor yerekana inzira nyinshi zigaragara. Mbere ya byose, ubushakashatsi niterambere ryibikoresho bishya nibikorwa bishya byakomeje kwiyongera. Ibikoresho gakondo bya okiside ya semiconductor nka ZnO, SiO₂, Fe₂O₃, nibindi bimaze gukura. Abashakashatsi barimo gukoporora, guhindura no guhindura ubuso ibikoresho bihari byifashishwa na gaze binyuze muburyo bwo guhindura imiti, no kunoza uburyo bwo gukora firime icyarimwe kugirango bongere umutekano kandi bahitemo sensor. Hagati aho, guteza imbere ibikoresho bishya nka compte na Hybrid semiconductor gazi yunvikana hamwe nibikoresho bya polymer gazi na byo biratera imbere cyane. Ibi bikoresho byerekana ibyiyumvo bihanitse, guhitamo no gutuza kuri gaze zitandukanye.
Ubwenge bwa sensor nubundi buryo bwingenzi bwiterambere. Hamwe nogukoresha neza tekinoroji nshya yibikoresho nka nanotehnologiya hamwe na tekinoroji ya firime yoroheje, ibyuma bya gaze biragenda byuzuzanya kandi bifite ubwenge. Mugukoresha byimazeyo tekinoroji ihuriweho na tekinoroji nka mikoro-mashini na micrélectronics, ikoranabuhanga rya mudasobwa, tekinoroji yo gutunganya ibimenyetso, tekinoroji ya sensor, hamwe n’ikoranabuhanga ryo gusuzuma amakosa, abashakashatsi barimo gukora ibyuma byifashishwa byifashishwa mu buryo bwa elegitoronike byifashishwa mu gihe kimwe cyo gukurikirana imyuka myinshi. Imiti ishobora kurwanya ubwoko bwa sensoriste iherutse gutunganywa nitsinda ryubushakashatsi bwa Associate Professor Yi Jianxin wo muri Laboratoire ya Leta y’ubumenyi bw’umuriro muri kaminuza y’ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga mu Bushinwa ni umuntu uhagarariye iyi nzira. Iyi sensor itahura ibipimo bitatu-byerekana no kumenya neza imyuka myinshi nibiranga umuriro nigikoresho kimwe 59.
Arrayisation na algorithm optimizme nayo irimo kwitabwaho. Bitewe numurongo mugari wo gusubiza ikibazo cya sensor imwe imwe, irashobora kwivanga mugihe imyuka myinshi ibaho icyarimwe. Gukoresha ibyuma byinshi bya gaze kugirango ube umurongo wabaye igisubizo cyiza cyo kunoza ubushobozi bwo kumenyekana. Mu kongera ibipimo bya gaze yamenyekanye, sensor array irashobora kubona ibimenyetso byinshi, bifasha gusuzuma ibipimo byinshi no kunoza ubushobozi bwo guca imanza no kumenyekana. Nyamara, uko umubare wa sensor muri array wiyongera, ibintu bigoye gutunganya amakuru nabyo biriyongera. Kubwibyo, gutezimbere sensor array ni ngombwa cyane. Muburyo bwiza bwo gukoresha, uburyo nka coefficient de la coelité hamwe nisesengura rya cluster birakoreshwa cyane, mugihe algorithms yo kumenyekanisha gaze nka Principal Component Analysis (PCA) hamwe nuyoboro w’ibinyabuzima (ANN) byongereye cyane ubushobozi bwo kumenya imiterere ya sensor.
Imbonerahamwe: Kugereranya imikorere yubwoko bukuru bwa Sensor
Ubwoko bwa Sensor, ihame ryakazi, ibyiza nibibi, ubuzima busanzwe
Semiconductor yo mu bwoko bwa gaz adsorption ifite igiciro gito muguhindura imirwanyasuri ya semiconductor, igisubizo cyihuse, guhitamo nabi, kandi bigira ingaruka cyane kubushyuhe nubushuhe mumyaka 2-3
Umwuka w'amashanyarazi uhura na REDOX kugirango ubyare amashanyarazi, afite guhitamo neza no kumva neza. Nyamara, electrolyte ifite imyenda mike kandi ikamara imyaka 1-2 (kuri electrolyte yamazi).
Ubwoko bwa catalitiki yo gutwika ubwoko bwa gaze yaka itera ubushyuhe. Yashizweho byumwihariko mugushakisha gaze yaka kandi ikoreshwa gusa kuri gaze yaka imyaka igera kuri itatu
Imyuka ya infragre ifite ubunyangamugayo buhanitse mu kwinjiza urumuri rwa infragre yuburebure bwihariye, ntibitera uburozi, ariko bifite igiciro kinini nubunini bugereranije mumyaka 5 kugeza 10.
Gufotora (PID) ultraviolet gufotora kugirango gaze ya molekile ya gaze ya VOC ifite sensibilité nyinshi kandi ntishobora gutandukanya ubwoko bwimvange mumyaka 3 kugeza 5
Birakwiye ko tumenya ko nubwo tekinoroji ya sensor sensor yateye intambwe ishimishije, iracyafite ibibazo bimwe bisanzwe. Ubuzima bwa sensor bugabanya imikoreshereze yabyo mubice bimwe. Kurugero, igihe cyimyanya ndangagitsina ya semiconductor ni hafi imyaka 2 kugeza kuri 3, iy'ibyuma bya gaze ya gaze ya elegitoronike ni imyaka 1 kugeza kuri 2 kubera gutakaza electrolyte, mugihe iy'ibikoresho bikomeye bya elegitoroniki ya electrolyte ishobora kugera ku myaka 5. Byongeye kandi, ibibazo bya drift (impinduka mubisubizo bya sensor mugihe) hamwe nibibazo bihoraho (itandukaniro ryimikorere hagati ya sensor mugice kimwe) nabyo nibintu byingenzi bibuza ikoreshwa ryinshi rya sensororo. Mu gusubiza ibyo bibazo, abashakashatsi, ku ruhande rumwe, biyemeje kunoza ibikoresho byangiza gaze n’ibikorwa byo gukora, ku rundi ruhande, barishyura cyangwa bahagarika ingaruka ziterwa na sensor ku bisubizo byapimwe hifashishijwe uburyo bunoze bwo gutunganya amakuru.
Porogaramu zitandukanye zerekana ibintu bya gaze ya sensor
Ikoranabuhanga rya sensor ya gaze ryinjiye mubice byose byubuzima. Ikoreshwa ryarwo rimaze igihe kinini rirenga urwego rusanzwe rwo kugenzura umutekano w’inganda kandi rugenda rwiyongera mu nzego nyinshi nk’ubuzima bw’ubuvuzi, gukurikirana ibidukikije, urugo rw’ubwenge, ndetse n’umutekano w’ibiribwa. Iyi myumvire yuburyo butandukanye ntabwo igaragaza gusa ibishoboka bizanwa niterambere ryikoranabuhanga ahubwo inagaragaza ibyifuzo byabaturage bigenda byiyongera kugirango bamenye gaze.
Umutekano mu nganda no gukurikirana gaze ishobora guteza akaga
Mu rwego rw’umutekano w’inganda, ibyuma bya gaze bigira uruhare rudasubirwaho, cyane cyane mu nganda zishobora guteza akaga nk’ubuhanga bw’imiti, peteroli, n’ubucukuzi. Ubushinwa “Gahunda y’imyaka 14 y’imyaka itanu yo kubungabunga umutekano w’imiti yangiza” isaba neza ko inganda z’inganda zishyiraho uburyo bunoze bwo kugenzura no kuburira hakiri kare imyuka y’ubumara kandi yangiza kandi igateza imbere iyubakwa ry’imikorere y’ubwenge. “Inganda za enterineti ziyongera ku bikorwa by’umutekano” zirashishikariza kandi parike gukoresha ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyemezo. Icyerekezo cya politiki cyateje imbere cyane ikoreshwa rya sensororo mu bijyanye n’umutekano w’inganda.
Sisitemu yo kugenzura gazi igezweho yateje imbere inzira zitandukanye za tekiniki. Ikoranabuhanga rya gazi yerekana amashusho yerekana gazi yamenetse mugaragaza amashusho ya gaze nkimpinduka zurwego rwimyenda ya pigiseli mumashusho. Ubushobozi bwayo bwo gutahura bufitanye isano nibintu nkubunini nubunini bwa gaze yamenetse, itandukaniro ryubushyuhe bwinyuma, nintera yo gukurikirana. Fourier ihinduranya tekinoroji ya tekinoroji ya tekinoroji irashobora kugenzura mu buryo bwujuje ubuziranenge no mu gice cya 500 mu buryo bwa gaze zirimo 500, harimo ibinyabuzima, ibinyabuzima, uburozi kandi byangiza, kandi birashobora gusikana icyarimwe ubwoko 30 bwa gaze. Irakwiranye nibisabwa bigoye byo kugenzura gaze muri parike yinganda. Izi tekinoroji zateye imbere, iyo zifatanije na sensor ya gaze gakondo, zikora umuyoboro wogukurikirana umutekano murwego rwo hejuru.
Kurwego rwihariye rushyirwa mubikorwa, sisitemu yo gukurikirana gazi yinganda igomba kubahiriza urukurikirane rwibipimo byigihugu ndetse n’amahanga. Ubushinwa "Igishushanyo mbonera cyo gutahura no kumenyekanisha imyuka yangiza n’ubumara mu nganda zikomoka kuri peteroli" GB 50493-2019 na "Ibisobanuro rusange bya tekiniki yo kugenzura umutekano w’amasoko akomeye y’imiti ishobora guteza akaga" AQ 3035-2010 bitanga ibisobanuro bya tekinike yo kugenzura gazi y’inganda 26. ibikorwa no kureba ko imyuka ya gaze yangiza mu kirere iri munsi y’umutekano wa 610. Ibipimo bya NFPA (Ishyirahamwe ry’igihugu rishinzwe kurinda umuriro muri Amerika), nka NFPA 72 na NFPA 54, byashyizeho ibisabwa byihariye kugira ngo hamenyekane imyuka yaka na gaze y’ubumara 610.
Ubuzima bwo kwa muganga no gusuzuma indwara
Urwego rwubuvuzi nubuzima rurimo kuba imwe mu masoko atanga icyizere cyo gukoresha gaze. Gazi isohoka mumubiri wumuntu irimo umubare munini wibinyabuzima bijyanye nubuzima. Mugushakisha ibyo biyomarki, gusuzuma hakiri kare no gukomeza gukurikirana indwara birashobora kugerwaho. Igikoresho cyo guhumeka cya acetone gihumeka cyakozwe nitsinda rya Dr. Wang Di wo muri Laboratwari ya Zhejiang Laboratwari ya Super Perception Research Centre ni uhagarariye iyi porogaramu. Iki gikoresho gikoresha inzira yikoranabuhanga ya colimetricike kugirango ipime ibirimo acetone mumyuka ihumeka yumuntu muguhitamo ibara ryibikoresho byangiza gaze, bityo bikagerwaho byihuse kandi bitababaza diyabete yo mubwoko bwa 1.
Iyo urugero rwa insuline mu mubiri w'umuntu ruri hasi, ntirushobora guhindura glucose imbaraga ahubwo igabanya ibinure. Nka kimwe mu bicuruzwa nyuma yo kugabanuka kw'amavuta, acetone isohoka mu mubiri binyuze mu guhumeka. Muganga Wang Di yasobanuye 1. Ugereranije no gupima amaraso gakondo, ubu buryo bwo gupima umwuka butanga uburambe bwiza bwo gusuzuma no kuvura. Byongeye kandi, itsinda ririmo gukora "buri munsi kurekura" patch acetone sensor. Iki gikoresho gito gishobora kwambara gishobora guhita gipima gaze ya acetone isohoka kuruhu kumasaha. Mu bihe biri imbere, iyo bihujwe n’ikoranabuhanga ry’ubwenge, birashobora gufasha mu gusuzuma, gukurikirana no kuyobora imiti ya diyabete.
Usibye diyabete, ibyuma bya gaze byerekana kandi imbaraga nyinshi mugucunga indwara zidakira no gukurikirana indwara zubuhumekero. Imyuka ya karuboni ya dioxyde ni ishingiro ryingenzi mu gusuzuma imiterere y’abarwayi ihumeka, mu gihe umurongo w’ibice bimwe na bimwe byerekana ibimenyetso byerekana imyuka y’indwara zidakira. Ubusanzwe, gusobanura aya makuru byasabye uruhare rw'abaganga. Nyamara, hamwe no kongerera ubumenyi tekinoloji yubwenge yubukorikori, ibyuma bya gaze byubwenge ntibishobora kumenya imyuka gusa no gushushanya umurongo, ahubwo binagena urugero rwiterambere ryindwara, bigabanya cyane igitutu kubakozi bo mubuvuzi.
Mu rwego rwibikoresho byambarwa byubuzima, ikoreshwa rya sensor ya gaze iracyari mu ntangiriro zayo, ariko ibyifuzo ni binini. Abashakashatsi bo mu bikoresho by’amashanyarazi bya Zhuhai Gree bagaragaje ko nubwo ibikoresho byo mu rugo bitandukanye n’ibikoresho by’ubuvuzi bifite ibikorwa byo gusuzuma indwara, mu rwego rwo gukurikirana ubuzima bw’ubuzima bwa buri munsi, ibyuma byerekana ibyuma bya gaze bifite ibyiza nko kugiciro gito, kudatera ndetse na miniaturizasi, bigatuma biteganijwe ko bizagenda bigaragara mu bikoresho byo mu rugo nkibikoresho byo kwita ku munwa hamwe n’ubwiherero bwifashishwa mu kugenzura igihe. Hamwe nogukenera ubuzima bwurugo, gukurikirana ubuzima bwabantu binyuze mubikoresho byo murugo bizaba icyerekezo cyingenzi mugutezimbere amazu yubwenge.
Gukurikirana ibidukikije no gukumira umwanda no kurwanya
Gukurikirana ibidukikije ni kimwe mu bice bikoreshwa na sensor ya gaze. Mu gihe isi ishimangira kurengera ibidukikije ikomeje kwiyongera, icyifuzo cyo gukurikirana imyanda ihumanya ikirere nacyo kigenda cyiyongera umunsi ku munsi. Ibyuma bya gaze birashobora kumenya imyuka yangiza nka monoxyde de carbone, dioxyde de sulfure na ozone, igatanga igikoresho cyiza cyo kugenzura ubwiza bw’ibidukikije.
UGT-E4 sensor ya gazi ya electrochemic gazi ya sosiyete yo mubwongereza Gas Shield nigicuruzwa gihagarariye murwego rwo gukurikirana ibidukikije. Irashobora gupima neza ibiri mu bihumanya ikirere kandi igatanga amakuru ku gihe kandi nyayo ku mashami arengera ibidukikije. Iyi sensor, binyuze mu guhuza ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryamakuru, yageze ku bikorwa nko gukurikirana kure, kohereza amakuru, no gutabaza ubwenge, byongera cyane imikorere no korohereza kumenya gaze. Abakoresha barashobora gukurikirana impinduka ziterwa na gaze umwanya uwariwo wose nahantu hose binyuze muri terefone zabo zigendanwa cyangwa mudasobwa zabo, bitanga ishingiro ryubumenyi bwo gucunga ibidukikije no gufata ingamba.
Ku bijyanye no kugenzura ikirere cy’imbere mu nzu, ibyuma bya gaze nabyo bigira uruhare runini. Ikigereranyo cya EN 45544 cyatanzwe na komite y’uburayi ishinzwe ubuziranenge (EN) ni icy'umwihariko mu gupima ubuziranenge bwo mu kirere kandi gikubiyemo ibisabwa kugira ngo hasuzumwe imyuka yangiza 610.Icyuma gisanzwe cya dioxyde de carbone, ibyuma bifata ibyuma bya forode, n'ibindi ku isoko bikoreshwa cyane mu gutura mu baturage, mu nyubako z'ubucuruzi ndetse no mu myidagaduro rusange. By'umwihariko mu gihe cy'icyorezo cya COVID-19, guhumeka mu nzu ndetse n'ubwiza bw'ikirere byitabiriwe bitigeze bibaho, bikomeza guteza imbere iterambere no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya sensor.
Kugenzura ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ni icyerekezo kigaragara cya sensor ya gaze. Mu rwego rwo kutabogama kwa karubone ku isi, kugenzura neza imyuka ihumanya ikirere nka dioxyde de carbone byabaye ingenzi cyane. Sensor ya karuboni ya dioxyde de sensor ifite ibyiza byihariye muriki gice bitewe nubusobanuro bwabyo buhanitse, guhitamo neza hamwe nubuzima burebure. “Amabwiriza agenga iyubakwa ry’ibikorwa byo kugenzura ingaruka z’umutekano w’ubwenge muri parike y’inganda z’inganda” mu Bushinwa yashyize ahagaragara isesengura ry’imyuka yangiza / y’ubumara ndetse n’isesengura ry’amasoko nk’ibikorwa by’ubwubatsi buteganijwe, ibyo bikaba bigaragaza urwego rwa politiki rwibanze ku ruhare rwo kugenzura gaze mu rwego rwo kurengera ibidukikije.
Urugo rwubwenge hamwe no kwihaza mu biribwa
Urugo rwubwenge nisoko ryizewe ryabaguzi kumasoko ya gaze. Kugeza ubu, ibyuma bya gaze bikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho byo murugo nko gutunganya ikirere hamwe nicyuma gikonjesha. Ariko, hamwe nogutangiza ibyuma bya sensor hamwe na algorithms zubwenge, ubushobozi bwabo bwo gukoresha mubihe nko kubungabunga, guteka, no gukurikirana ubuzima bigenda bikoreshwa.
Mu rwego rwo kubungabunga ibiryo, ibyuma bya gaze birashobora gukurikirana impumuro mbi irekurwa nibiribwa mugihe cyo kubika kugirango hamenyekane ibishya byibyo kurya. Ibisubizo byubushakashatsi biherutse kwerekana byerekana ko niba sensor imwe ikoreshwa mugukurikirana umunuko cyangwa se sensor ya gazi ihujwe nuburyo bwo kumenyekanisha uburyo bwakoreshejwe kugirango hamenyekane ibishya byibiribwa, ingaruka nziza zagezweho. Nyamara, bitewe nuburyo bugoye bwo gukoresha firigo (nko kwivanga kubakoresha gufungura no gufunga imiryango, gutangira no guhagarika compressor, hamwe no kuzenguruka ikirere imbere, nibindi), hamwe ningaruka ziterwa na gaze zitandukanye zihindagurika ziva mubiribwa, haracyariho uburyo bwo kunonosora ukuri kugena ibiryo bishya.
Gusaba guteka nibindi bintu byingenzi byerekana ibyuma bya gaze. Hariho amajana n'amajana ya gaze yakozwe mugihe cyo guteka, harimo ibintu bitobito, alkane, ibivamo impumuro nziza, aldehydes, ketone, alcool, alukene nibindi binyabuzima bihindagurika. Mubintu bigoye cyane, gazi ya sensor yerekana yerekana ibyiza bigaragara kuruta sensor imwe. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko ibyuma byerekana ibyuma bya gaze bishobora gukoreshwa kugirango hamenyekane uko ibiryo bitetse ukurikije uburyohe bwa muntu, cyangwa nkigikoresho cyo kugenzura imirire ifasha buri gihe kumenyesha abakoresha ingeso yo guteka. Nyamara, ibidukikije byo guteka nkubushyuhe bwinshi, imyotsi yo guteka hamwe numwuka wamazi birashobora gutuma byoroshye sensor "uburozi", nikibazo cya tekiniki kigomba gukemurwa.
Mu rwego rwo kwihaza mu biribwa, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe nitsinda rya Wang Di bwerekanye agaciro gashobora gukoreshwa na sensor ya gaze. Bagamije intego yo "kumenya imyuka myinshi icyarimwe hamwe na terefone ntoya igendanwa", kandi biyemeje gutanga amakuru yumutekano wibiribwa byoroshye kuboneka. Iki gikoresho gikomatanyirijwe hamwe cyane gishobora kumenya ibice bihindagurika mubiribwa, kugena ibishya numutekano wibiribwa, kandi bigatanga igihe nyacyo kubakoresha.
Imbonerahamwe: Ibintu nyamukuru byo gutahura nibintu bya tekiniki biranga ibyuma bya gaze mubice bitandukanye byo gusaba
Imirima ikoreshwa, ibintu byingenzi byerekana, ubwoko bukoreshwa bwa sensor, ibibazo bya tekiniki, inzira ziterambere
Umutekano w’inganda ushobora gutwikwa, gaze yubumara bwa catalitiki yaka, ubwoko bwamashanyarazi, kwihanganira ibidukikije bikabije kwihanganira gazi nyinshi ikurikirana, kugenzura inkomoko
Ubuvuzi nubuzima bwa acetone, CO₂, VOCs semiconductor, ubwoko bwa colimetric guhitamo no kwiyumvisha ibintu, kwambara no kwambara ubwenge
Ikwirakwizwa rya gride yigihe kirekire nogukwirakwiza amakuru mugihe cyo kugenzura ibidukikije byangiza ikirere hamwe na gaze ya parike muburyo bwa infragre na electrochemic;
Ibyokurya byiza murugo ibiryo bihindagurika, guteka umwotsi wa semiconductor, PID ubushobozi bwo kurwanya interineti
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