Amerika y'Epfo ifite imiterere itandukanye y'ikirere n'uturere, kuva ku ishyamba ry'inzitane rya Amazon kugeza ku misozi ya Andes kugeza ku misozi minini ya Pampas. Inganda nk'ubuhinzi, ingufu, n'ubwikorezi zigenda zishingira cyane ku makuru y'ikirere. Nk'igikoresho cy'ingenzi cyo gukusanya amakuru y'ikirere, sitasiyo z'ikirere zigenda zikoreshwa cyane muri Amerika y'Epfo. Mu gukurikirana mu buryo bufatika ibipimo by'ikirere nk'ubushyuhe, imvura, umuvuduko w'umuyaga, n'ubushuhe, sitasiyo z'ikirere zitanga inkunga y'ingenzi mu buhinzi, gutanga amakuru ku biza, gucunga umutungo w'amazi, n'ibindi bikorwa.
1. Imikorere n'ibyiza bya sitasiyo z'ikirere
Sitasiyo y'iteganyagihe ni igikoresho gikoreshwa mu gukurikirana no kwandika amakuru y'iteganyagihe, ubusanzwe harimo imirimo ikurikira:
Gukurikirana ibipimo byinshi: Bishobora gukurikirana ibipimo byinshi by’ikirere nko ubushyuhe, imvura, umuvuduko w’umuyaga, icyerekezo cy’umuyaga, ubushuhe, umuvuduko w’ikirere, n’imirasire y’izuba mu gihe nyacyo.
Kwandika no kohereza amakuru: Sitasiyo y’iteganyagihe ishobora kwandika amakuru mu buryo bwikora no kohereza amakuru kuri database nkuru cyangwa urubuga rw’ibicu binyuze mu muyoboro wa wireless kugira ngo byoroshye kuyasesengura no kuyasangiza.
Ubuhanga bwo hejuru n'igihe nyacyo: Sitasiyo z'ikirere zigezweho zikoresha ibyuma bipima neza cyane kugira ngo bitange amakuru nyayo kandi nyayo yerekeye ikirere.
Gukurikirana kure: Binyuze kuri interineti, abakoresha bashobora kubona amakuru y’iteganyagihe bari kure kugira ngo bakurikirane mu buryo bwihuse kandi baburire hakiri kare.
Gukoresha sitasiyo z'ikirere muri Amerika y'Epfo bifite ibyiza bikurikira:
Gushyigikira ubuhinzi bunoze: guha abahinzi amakuru nyayo y’ikirere kugira ngo bafashe kunoza gahunda zo gutera no kuhira.
Uburinzi ku biza: gukurikirana mu buryo nyabwo ibintu bidasanzwe nk'imvura nyinshi, amapfa, inkubi y'umuyaga, n'ibindi, kugira ngo habeho ishingiro ryo gukumira ibiza no gutabara mu buryo bwihutirwa.
Gucunga umutungo w'amazi: gukurikirana imvura n'ibyuka, gushyigikira imicungire y'ibigega by'amazi no kugena igihe cyo kuhira.
Ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi: gutanga amakuru y'igihe kirekire kandi ahoraho yerekeye imiterere y'ikirere mu bushakashatsi ku mihindagurikire y'ikirere no kurengera ibidukikije.
2. Ibibazo byo gusaba muri Amerika y'Epfo
2.1 Inkomoko y'ikoreshwa
Ikirere cyo muri Amerika y'Epfo kiragoye kandi gitandukanye, kandi uturere tumwe na tumwe dukunze kwibasirwa n'ibihe bikomeye by'ikirere, nk'imvura nyinshi muri Amazon, ubukonje muri Andes, n'amapfa muri Pampas. Gukoresha sitasiyo z'ikirere bitanga inkunga y'ingenzi y'amakuru yerekeye ikirere kuri utu turere, bigafasha inganda nk'ubuhinzi, ingufu, n'ubwikorezi guhangana n'ibibazo by'imihindagurikire y'ikirere.
2.2 Imiterere yihariye y'ikoreshwa
Urugero rwa 1: Ikoreshwa ry'ahantu hakorerwa imihindagurikire y'ikirere mu buhinzi bunoze muri Brezili
Burezili ni igihugu cyohereza ibicuruzwa by’ubuhinzi mu mahanga cyane ku isi, kandi ubuhinzi bushingiye cyane ku makuru y’iteganyagihe. I Mato Grosso, muri Brezili, abahinzi ba soya n’ibigori bageze ku micungire myiza y’ubuhinzi binyuze mu gushyiraho ahantu hagenewe imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Ikoreshwa ryihariye ni iri rikurikira:
Uburyo bwo gushyiraho imiterere y'ikirere: Shyiramo sitasiyo imwe ikoresha ikoranabuhanga mu mirima, buri kilometero kare 10 zishyirwa kuri sitasiyo imwe.
Ibipimo byo gukurikirana: ubushyuhe, imvura, ubushuhe, umuvuduko w'umuyaga, imirasire y'izuba, n'ibindi.
Ingaruka zo gukoresha:
Abahinzi bashobora guhindura igihe cyo kubiba no kuhira bashingiye ku makuru y’ikirere aboneka mu gihe nyacyo kugira ngo bagabanye imyanda yo mu mazi.
Mu guhanura imvura n'amapfa, shyira imbere gahunda zo gufumbira no kurwanya udukoko kugira ngo wongere umusaruro w'ibihingwa.
Mu 2020, umusaruro wa soya muri Mato Grosso wiyongereyeho hafi 12% bitewe n'ikoreshwa ry'amakuru nyayo yerekeye imiterere y'ikirere.
Urugero rwa 2: Urusobe rw'ibirori by'iteganyagihe muri Andes yo muri Peru
Andes zo muri Peru ni agace gakomeye gahingwamo ibirayi n'ibigori, ariko ako karere gafite ikirere gihindagurika, gakunze kubamo ubukonje n'amapfa. Guverinoma ya Peru yafatanyije n'ibigo by'ubushakashatsi mu bya siyansi kugira ngo hashyirweho urusobe rw'ahantu hahurira ikirere muri Andes kugira ngo hashyigikirwe iterambere ry'ubuhinzi bwo mu gace. Ikoreshwa ryihariye ni iri rikurikira:
Uburyo bwo gushyiraho ubuhinzi: Gushyiraho ahantu hato ho gupima ikirere mu turere turi mu misozi miremire kugira ngo hakoreshwe mu turere dukomeye tw’ubuhinzi.
Ibipimo byo gukurikirana: ubushyuhe, imvura, umuvuduko w'umuyaga, uburyo bwo kuburira ku bukonje, n'ibindi.
Ingaruka zo gukoresha:
Abahinzi bashobora kubona ubutumwa bw'ubukonje butangwa n'ibigo by'iteganyagihe binyuze kuri telefoni zabo zigendanwa, bagafata ingamba zo kwirinda ku gihe, kandi bakagabanya igihombo cy'umusaruro.
Amakuru yerekeye imiterere y'ikirere afasha kunoza gahunda zo kuhira no kugabanya ingaruka z'amapfa ku buhinzi.
Mu 2021, umusaruro w'ibirayi muri ako karere wiyongereyeho 15% bitewe n'ikoreshwa ry'ahantu hakorerwa iteganyagihe.
Urubanza rwa 3: Imikoreshereze y'ahantu hahurira ikirere muri Pampas muri Arijantine
Pampas zo muri Arijantine ni agace gakomeye gahingwamo amatungo n'ibinyampeke muri Amerika y'Epfo, ariko ako gace gakunze kwibasirwa n'amapfa n'imyuzure. Ikigo cy'Igihugu gishinzwe iteganyagihe cya Arijantine cyashyizeho urusobe rw'ibipimo by'ihindagurika ry'ikirere muri Pampas kugira ngo gishyigikire umusaruro w'ubuhinzi n'ubworozi. Ikoreshwa ryihariye ni iri rikurikira:
Uburyo bwo gushyiraho imiterere y'ikirere: Gushyiraho sitasiyo zikoresha ikoranabuhanga mu byatsi no mu mirima, aho sitasiyo imwe ishyirwa kuri buri kilometero kare 20.
Ibipimo byo gukurikirana: imvura, ubushyuhe, ubushuhe, umuvuduko w'umuyaga, imyuka, n'ibindi.
Ingaruka zo gukoresha:
Aborozi bashobora guhindura gahunda zo kuragira bashingiye ku makuru y’ikirere kugira ngo birinde kwangirika kw’amatungo mu gihe cy’ikirere gikabije.
Abahinzi bakoresha amakuru y’imvura kugira ngo bongere igihe cyo kuhira no gutera kugira ngo bongere umusaruro w’ingano n’ibigori.
Mu 2022, umusaruro w'ibinyampeke muri Pampas wiyongereyeho 8% bitewe n'ikoreshwa ry'ahantu hakorerwa ihindagurika ry'ikirere.
Ingingo ya 4: Imikoreshereze y'ahantu hakorerwa iteganyagihe mu turere twa Chili dutanga divayi
Shili ni ikigo gikomeye mu guhinga divayi muri Amerika y'Epfo, kandi ubuhinzi bw'inzabibu buterwa cyane n'ikirere. Mu karere k'ikibaya cyo hagati muri Shili, inganda zikora divayi zageze ku micungire myiza y'ubuhinzi bw'inzabibu binyuze mu gushyiraho ahantu hakorerwa iteganyagihe. Ikoreshwa ryihariye ni iri rikurikira:
Uburyo bwo gushyiraho imirima: Shyiramo sitasiyo zipima ikirere mu murima w'imizabibu, aho sitasiyo imwe ishyirwa kuri buri hegitari 5.
Ibipimo byo gukurikirana: ubushyuhe, ubushuhe, imvura, imirasire y'izuba, uburyo bwo kuburira ku bukonje, nibindi.
Ingaruka zo gukoresha:
Inganda zikora divayi zishobora guhindura gahunda yo kuhira no gufumbira hashingiwe ku makuru y’ikirere kugira ngo zirusheho kunoza ubwiza bw’imizabibu.
Uburyo bwo kuburira abakora divayi mu gihe cy'ubukonje bufasha inganda zikora divayi gufata ingamba ku gihe zo kurinda imizabibu kwangirika n'ubukonje.
Mu 2021, umusaruro n'ubwiza bwa divayi mu kibaya cyo hagati cya Chili byarushijeho kuzamuka bitewe n'ikoreshwa ry'ahantu hakorerwa iteganyagihe.
3. Umwanzuro
Gukoresha sitasiyo z’iteganyagihe muri Amerika y'Epfo bitanga inkunga y'ingenzi mu bijyanye n'ubuhinzi, ubworozi, gucunga umutungo w'amazi n'ibindi bikorwa, bifasha guhangana n'ibibazo biterwa n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere. Binyuze mu igenzura ry'igihe nyacyo no gusesengura amakuru, sitasiyo z’iteganyagihe ntizinoza gusa umusaruro no gukoresha umutungo, ahubwo zinatanga ibikoresho bikomeye byo kuburira ibiza n'ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi. Mu gihe kizaza, hamwe n'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga no guteza imbere ikoreshwa ryazo, amahirwe yo gukoresha sitasiyo z’iteganyagihe muri Amerika y'Epfo azaba manini.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare 18-2025