Imikoreshereze n'imikorere mishya y'ibikoresho by'amazi bipima ubuziranenge bwa EC mu nganda z'ubworozi bw'amafi muri Kazakisitani

Nk'igihugu gikomeye muri Aziya yo Hagati, Kazakisitani ifite umutungo mwinshi w'amazi n'ubushobozi bwinshi bwo guteza imbere ubworozi bw'amafi. Bitewe n'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ry'ubworozi bw'amafi ku isi ndetse no guhinduka ku buryo bw'ubwenge, ikoranabuhanga ryo kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'amazi ririmo gukoreshwa cyane mu rwego rw'ubworozi bw'amafi mu gihugu. Iyi nkuru isesengura ku buryo bwimbitse ingero zihariye z'ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi (EC) mu nganda z'ubworozi bw'amafi muri Kazakisitani, isesengura amahame yabyo ya tekiniki, ingaruka zifatika, n'iterambere ry'ejo hazaza. Mu gusuzuma ingero zisanzwe nko guhinga sturgeon mu Nyanja ya Kaspi, aho kororera amafi mu kiyaga cya Balkhash, no kuzenguruka sisitemu z'ubworozi bw'amafi mu karere ka Almaty, iyi nyandiko igaragaza uburyo ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi bifasha abahinzi bo mu gace gukemura ibibazo byo gucunga ubuziranenge bw'amazi, kunoza imikorere y'ubuhinzi, no kugabanya ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije. Byongeye kandi, iyi nkuru ivuga ku mbogamizi Kazakisitani ihura nazo mu mpinduka mu buhanga bw'ubworozi bw'amafi n'ibisubizo bishoboka, itanga ibitekerezo by'ingirakamaro ku iterambere ry'ubworozi bw'amafi mu tundi turere nk'utwo.

Incamake y'ibikenewe mu nganda z'ubworozi bw'amazi muri Kazakisitani n'ubuziranenge bw'amazi

Nk'igihugu kinini cyane ku isi gikikije inyanja, Kazakisitani ifite umutungo kamere w'amazi menshi, harimo n'amazi akomeye nka Kazakisitani, Ikiyaga cya Balkhash, n'Ikiyaga cya Zaysan, ndetse n'imigezi myinshi, itanga imiterere karemano yihariye yo guteza imbere ubworozi bw'amafi. Inganda z'ubworozi bw'amafi muri iki gihugu zagaragaje iterambere rirambye mu myaka ya vuba aha, aho amoko y'inyamaswa zo mu bwoko bwa mbere zihingwa harimo karpi, sturgeon, rainbow trout, na sturgeon yo muri Siberiya. Ubuhinzi bw'amafi mu karere ka Kazakisitani, by'umwihariko, bwakuruye abantu benshi bitewe n'umusaruro wa caviar ufite agaciro kanini. Ariko, inganda z'ubworozi bw'amafi muri Kazakisitani nazo zihura n'imbogamizi nyinshi, nko guhinduka gukomeye kw'amazi, tekiniki z'ubuhinzi zitameze neza, ndetse n'ingaruka z'ikirere kibi, byose bikaba bibangamira iterambere ry'inganda.

Mu karere k’ubworozi bw’amafi muri Kazakisitani, uburyo amashanyarazi atwara amazi (EC), nk'igipimo cy’ingenzi cy’ubwiza bw’amazi, bufite akamaro kanini ko gukurikirana. EC igaragaza ubwinshi bw’iyoni z’umunyu zishongeshejwe mu mazi, bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku mikorere ya osmoregulation n’imikorere y’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi. Agaciro ka EC karatandukanye cyane mu mazi atandukanye muri Kazakisitani: Inyanja ya Kaspiyani, nk'ikiyaga cy’amazi y’umunyu, gifite agaciro ka EC kari hejuru cyane (hafi 13.000–15.000 μS/cm); Akarere k’iburengerazuba bw’ikiyaga cya Balkhash, kubera ko ari amazi meza, gafite agaciro ka EC kari hasi (hafi 300–500 μS/cm), mu gihe akarere k’iburasirazuba, kadafite aho gasohokera, gafite umunyu mwinshi (hafi 5.000–6.000 μS/cm). Ibiyaga bya Alpine nka Lake Zaysan bigaragaza agaciro ka EC gatandukanye cyane. Ibi bintu bigoye byo kugenzura imiterere y’amazi bituma kugenzura EC ari ikintu cy’ingenzi kugira ngo ubworozi bw’amafi bugire icyo bugeraho muri Kazakisitani.

Ubusanzwe, abahinzi ba Kazakisitani bishingikirizaga ku bunararibonye kugira ngo bapime ubuziranenge bw'amazi, bakoresheje uburyo bwo kwibanda ku bushobozi bwabo nko kureba ibara ry'amazi n'imyitwarire y'amafi mu gucunga. Ubu buryo ntibwari bufite ubuhanga bwa siyansi gusa, ahubwo bwanatumaga bigorana kubona ibibazo by'ubuziranenge bw'amazi vuba, akenshi bigatera impfu nini z'amafi n'igihombo mu bukungu. Uko ingano y'ubuhinzi yaguka n'uko urugero rw'ubuhinzi rugenda rwiyongera, icyifuzo cyo kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'amazi neza cyarushijeho kuba cyihutirwa. Gushyiraho ikoranabuhanga rya EC sensor byatumye inganda zo mu mazi za Kazakisitani zigira igisubizo cyizewe, gifatika kandi gihendutse cyo kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'amazi.

Mu rwego rw'ibidukikije byihariye bya Kazakisitani, kugenzura EC bifite ingaruka nyinshi z'ingenzi. Icya mbere, agaciro ka EC kagaragaza neza impinduka z'umunyu mu mazi, ibyo bikaba ari ingenzi mu gucunga amafi ya euryhaline (urugero, sturgeon) na stenohaline (urugero, rainbow trout). Icya kabiri, kwiyongera kudasanzwe kwa EC bishobora kugaragaza ko amazi yanduye, nko kuva mu mazi yanduye mu nganda cyangwa amazi y'ubuhinzi atwara imyunyu n'amabuye y'agaciro. Byongeye kandi, agaciro ka EC gafitanye isano mbi n'urugero rwa ogisijeni yashongeshejwe—amazi menshi ya EC akenshi aba afite ogisijeni yashongeshejwe nke, bigatera akaga ku mafi. Kubwibyo, gukurikirana EC buri gihe bifasha abahinzi guhindura ingamba zo kuyacunga vuba kugira ngo birinde stress n'urupfu rw'amafi.

Guverinoma ya Kazakisitani iherutse kubona akamaro ko kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'amazi kugira ngo ubworozi bw'amafi burusheho gutera imbere. Muri gahunda zayo z'igihugu zo guteza imbere ubuhinzi, guverinoma yatangiye gushishikariza ibigo by'ubuhinzi gukoresha ibikoresho by'ubugenzuzi by'ubwenge no gutanga inkunga y'igice. Hagati aho, imiryango mpuzamahanga n'ibigo mpuzamahanga birimo guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga n'ibikoresho by'ubuhinzi bigezweho muri Kazakisitani, birushaho kwihutisha ikoreshwa rya sensors za EC n'ubundi buryo bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'amazi mu gihugu. Ubu buryo bwo gushyigikira politiki n'ikoranabuhanga byashyizeho uburyo bwiza bwo kuvugurura inganda z'ubworozi bw'amafi muri Kazakisitani.

Amahame ya tekiniki n'ibice bigize sisitemu y'ibipimo by'ubuziranenge bw'amazi bya EC

Utumashini dupima amashanyarazi (EC) ni ingenzi mu buryo bugezweho bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'amazi, dukora hashingiwe ku bipimo nyabyo by'ubushobozi bwo kuyobora amazi mu gisubizo. Mu bikorwa byo korora amazi muri Kazakisitani, utumashini dupima amashanyarazi (EC) dupima ingano y'ibintu byose byashongeshejwe (TDS) n'umunyu binyuze mu kumenya imiterere y'amazi mu mazi, bigatanga inkunga y'amakuru y'ingenzi mu micungire y'ubuhinzi. Mu buryo bwa tekiniki, utumashini dupima amashanyarazi (EC) twishingikiriza cyane cyane ku mahame ya electrochemical: iyo electrode ebyiri zinjijwe mu mazi hanyuma hagakoreshwa voltage isimburana, ion zishongeshejwe zigenda mu cyerekezo zigakora amashanyarazi, kandi utumashini dupima amashanyarazi tubara agaciro ka EC dupima ubu bushyuhe bw'amazi. Kugira ngo hirindwe amakosa yo gupima aterwa no gupima electrode, utumashini dupima amashanyarazi (EC) tugezweho dukoresha amasoko ya AC n'uburyo bwo gupima inshuro nyinshi kugira ngo hamenyekane ko amakuru ari ukuri kandi ko ahamye.

Mu bijyanye n'imiterere y'ibipimo, ibipimo bya EC by'ubworozi bw'amafi ubusanzwe bigizwe n'ikintu gipima n'igice gitunganya ibimenyetso. Ikintu gipima akenshi kigizwe na electrode za titanium cyangwa platine zirwanya ingese, zishobora kwihanganira imiti itandukanye mu mazi yo mu buhinzi mu gihe kirekire. Igice gitunganya ibimenyetso cyongera, kikayungurura, kandi kigahindura ibimenyetso by'amashanyarazi bidakomeye mu bipimo bisanzwe. Ibipimo bya EC bikunze gukoreshwa mu mirima ya Kazakisitani akenshi bikoresha igishushanyo cy'amashanyarazi ane, aho electrode ebyiri zikoresha umuriro uhoraho n'izindi ebyiri zipima itandukaniro rya voltage. Iki gishushanyo gikuraho neza ingaruka zo gutandukanya electrode na electrode, binongera cyane uburyo bwo gupima, cyane cyane mu buhinzi bufite ihindagurika ry'umunyu mwinshi.

Gutanga ubushyuhe ni ikintu cy'ingenzi mu buhanga bw'ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa EC, kuko agaciro ka EC gaterwa cyane n'ubushyuhe bw'amazi. Ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa EC bigezweho muri rusange bifite ibikoresho by'ubushyuhe byubatswemo byihariye kandi bipima neza ibipimo ku gipimo kingana n'ibipimo ku bushyuhe busanzwe (ubusanzwe 25°C) binyuze muri algorithms, bigamije kugereranya amakuru. Bitewe n'aho Kazakhstan iherereye mu gihugu imbere, ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe ku manywa, n'impinduka zikomeye z'ubushyuhe mu bihe by'umwaka, iyi mikorere yo gutanga ubushyuhe mu buryo bwikora ni ingenzi cyane. Ibikoresho byo kohereza amashanyarazi mu nganda biva mu nganda nka Shandong Renke nabyo bitanga uburyo bwo guhindura ubushyuhe mu buryo bwikora n'ubwo mu buryo bwikora, bigatuma habaho uburyo bworoshye bwo guhangana n'imiterere itandukanye y'ubuhinzi muri Kazakisitani.

Mu rwego rwo guhuza sisitemu, sensor za EC mu mirima y’ubworozi bw’amafi ya Kazakisitani zisanzwe zikora nk'igice cya sisitemu yo kugenzura ubuziranenge bw’amazi ifite ibipimo byinshi. Uretse EC, sisitemu nk'izo zihuza imirimo yo kugenzura ibipimo by'ingenzi by'ubuziranenge bw'amazi nka ogisijeni ishongeshejwe (DO), pH, ubushobozi bwo kugabanya ogisijeni (ORP), turbidity, na azote ya ammonia. Amakuru aturuka kuri sensor zitandukanye yoherezwa binyuze mu ikoranabuhanga rya CAN bus cyangwa itumanaho ridafite insinga (urugero, TurMass, GSM) ku cyuma gipima amazi hanyuma kigashyirwa ku rubuga rw'ibicu kugira ngo gisesengurwe kandi kibikwe. Ibisubizo bya IoT bivuye ku bigo nka Weihai Jinxun Changtong bifasha abahinzi kureba amakuru y'ubuziranenge bw'amazi mu buryo nyabwo binyuze kuri porogaramu za terefone zigendanwa no kwakira ubutumwa ku bipimo bidasanzwe, binongera cyane imikorere myiza y'imicungire.

Imbonerahamwe: Ibipimo bisanzwe bya tekiniki bya Sensors za EC zo mu bworozi bw'amafi

Mu bikorwa bifatika bya Kazakisitani, uburyo bwo gushyiraho sensor ya EC nabwo buratandukanye. Ku mirima minini yo hanze, sensor ikunze gushyirwaho hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gupima buoy cyangwa uburyo bwo gushyiraho buhamye kugira ngo harebwe aho gupimira bihagaze. Mu buryo bwo korora amazi mu nganda (RAS), gushyiraho imiyoboro ni ikintu gisanzwe, gikurikirana mu buryo butaziguye impinduka mu miterere y'amazi mbere na nyuma yo kuyatunganya. Imashini zigenzura amazi mu nganda zo kuri interineti zituruka kuri Gandon Technology nazo zitanga uburyo bwo gushyiraho amazi anyura mu kirere, bikwiye mu buhinzi busaba ko amazi ahora acungwa. Bitewe n'ubukonje bukabije bw'imbeho mu turere tumwe na tumwe twa Kazakisitani, sensor ya EC ifite imiterere irwanya ubukonje kugira ngo ikore neza mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe buke.

Kubungabunga ibyuma bipima ni ingenzi mu kwemeza ko igenzura rirambye rikorwa neza. Ikibazo gikunze kugaragara mu mirima ya Kazakisitani ni ugutera ibimera mu buryo bwa biofueling—ubwiyongere bw'ibimera, bagiteri, n'utundi dukoko duto ku buso bw'ibyuma bipima, bigira ingaruka ku buryo bwo gupima neza. Kugira ngo ibi bikemuke, ibyuma bipima amashanyarazi bigezweho bikoresha imiterere itandukanye mishya, nka sisitemu zo kwisukura za Shandong Renke n'ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima rishingiye kuri fluorescence, bigabanya cyane inshuro zo kubungabunga. Ku bikoresho bipima amashanyarazi bidafite imikorere yo kwisukura, "ibikoresho byihariye byo kwisukura" bifite uburoso bwa mechanical cyangwa isuku ya ultrasonic bishobora gusukura ubuso bw'amashanyarazi rimwe na rimwe. Iri terambere ry'ikoranabuhanga rituma ibyuma bipima amashanyarazi bikoresha neza ndetse no mu turere twa kure twa Kazakisitani, bigabanyiriza uburyo bwo gukoresha intoki.

Bitewe n'iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga rya IoT na AI, sensors za EC zirimo kuva ku bikoresho byo gupima gusa zikajya mu byemezo by'ubwenge. Urugero rugaragara ni eKoral, sisitemu yakozwe na Haobo International, idakurikirana gusa ibipimo by'ubuziranenge bw'amazi ahubwo inakoresha uburyo bwo kwigisha imashini kugira ngo ihanure uko ibintu bigenda no guhindura ibikoresho mu buryo bwikora kugira ngo ikomeze ubuhinzi. Iyi mpinduka y'ubwenge ifite akamaro kanini mu iterambere rirambye ry'inganda z'ubworozi bw'amafi muri Kazakisitani, ifasha abahinzi bo muri ako gace gutsinda icyuho cy'uburambe mu bya tekiniki no kunoza umusaruro n'ubwiza bw'umusaruro.

Ikibazo cyo Gukurikirana Ubushakashatsi bwa EC mu Ifamu ya Sturgeon yo mu Nyanja ya Caspian

Akarere k'inyanja ya Kaspiyane, kamwe mu turere tw'ingenzi two korora amafi muri Kazakisitani, kazwiho ubuhinzi bwa sturgeon bwiza cyane n'umusaruro wa caviar. Ariko, mu myaka ya vuba aha, kwiyongera kw'ihindagurika ry'umunyu mu nyanja ya Kaspiyane, hamwe n'ihumana ry'inganda, byateje imbogamizi zikomeye ku buhinzi bwa sturgeon. Ifamu nini ya sturgeon hafi ya Aktau ni yo yatangije uburyo bwo gupima amashanyarazi, ikemura neza izi mpinduka mu bidukikije binyuze mu gukurikirana mu buryo bufatika no guhindura neza, biba icyitegererezo cy'ubworozi bw'amafi bwa none muri Kazakisitani.

Ubuhinzi bufite ubuso bwa hegitari zigera kuri 50, bukoresha uburyo bwo guhinga bufunze cyane cyane amoko y’ibimera bifite agaciro kanini nka sturgeon yo mu Burusiya na sturgeon y’inyenyeri. Mbere yo gukoresha uburyo bwo kugenzura imiterere y’amazi, ubu buhinzi bwari bushingiye gusa ku gupima no gusesengura laboratwari, bigatuma amakuru atinda cyane ndetse no kudashobora gusubiza vuba impinduka mu miterere y’amazi. Mu 2019, ubu buhinzi bwafatanyije na Haobo International gushyiraho uburyo bwo kugenzura imiterere y’amazi bukoresha IoT, aho sensor za EC nk'ibice by'ingenzi byashyizwe ahantu h'ingenzi nko mu nzira z’amazi, mu bidendezi by’ubuhinzi, no mu nzira z’amazi. Ubu buryo bukoresha uburyo bwa TurMass bwo kohereza amakuru mu buryo butaziguye mu cyumba cy’ubuyobozi n’ibikoresho bya telefoni zigendanwa by’abahinzi, bigatuma habaho igenzura ry’amasaha 24/7 mu buryo butaziguye.

Nk’ifi ya euryhaline, Caspian sturgeon ishobora kwimenyera ihindagurika ry’uburyo butandukanye bw’umunyu, ariko aho ikura neza bisaba ko EC ingana hagati ya 12.000–14.000 μS/cm. Gutandukana n’ubu bwoko bw’amafi bitera stress ku miterere y’umubiri, bigira ingaruka ku gipimo cy’ikura n’ubwiza bw’amafi ya caviar. Binyuze mu gukurikirana EC buri gihe, abatekinisiye b’ubuhinzi bavumbuye ihindagurika rikomeye ry’ibihe mu buryo bw’umunyu mu mazi yinjira: mu gihe cy’impeshyi urubura rwashongaga, kwiyongera kw’amazi meza ava mu ruzi rwa Volga n’indi migezi byagabanyije agaciro ka EC ku nkombe kugeza munsi ya 10.000 μS/cm, mu gihe umwuka mwinshi wo mu mpeshyi washoboraga kuzamura agaciro ka EC karenga 16.000 μS/cm. Uku guhinduka kwakunze kwirengagizwa mu bihe byashize, bigatuma sturgeon ikura nabi.

Imbonerahamwe: Igereranya ry'ingaruka zo kugenzura EC mu murima wa Caspian Sturgeon

Hashingiwe ku makuru ya EC mu gihe nyacyo, ubuhinzi bwashyizeho ingamba nyinshi zo kuvugurura neza. Iyo agaciro ka EC kagabanukaga munsi y’urugero rwiza, sisitemu yagabanyaga uburyo amazi yinjira mu mazi meza kandi ikongera uburyo bwo kuyazenguruka kugira ngo yongere igihe cyo kubika amazi. Iyo agaciro ka EC kari hejuru cyane, byongeraga inyongera y’amazi meza kandi byongera umwuka mwiza. Izi mpinduka, mbere zari zishingiye ku bushishozi, ubu zari zifite inkunga y’amakuru ya siyansi, zinoza igihe n’ubunini bw’impinduka. Nk’uko raporo z’ubuhinzi zibivuga, nyuma yo gukoresha uburyo bwo kugenzura EC, igipimo cy’ubwiyongere bw’ibimera bya sturgeon cyariyongereyeho 28%, umusaruro w’ibimera bya caviar byazamutse kuva kuri 65% kugera kuri 82%, kandi impfu ziterwa n’ibibazo by’ubuziranenge bw’amazi zaragabanutse kuva kuri 12% kugera kuri 4%.

Gukurikirana ibidukikije byagize uruhare runini mu gutanga uburinzi bw'isuku hakiri kare. Mu mpeshyi ya 2021, ibyuma bipima ikirere byabonye izamuka ridasanzwe mu gipimo cya EC cy'amazi arenga ihindagurika risanzwe. Sisitemu yahise itanga umuburo, maze abatekinisiye bahita bamenya amazi yanduye yavaga mu ruganda rwari hafi aho. Kubera ko babimenye ku gihe, umurima wakuyemo ikidendezi cyangiritse maze ukoresha uburyo bwo gusukura byihutirwa, birinda igihombo kinini. Nyuma y'iki kibazo, inzego zishinzwe ibidukikije zo mu gace zifatanyije n'umurima gushyiraho umuyoboro w'uburinzi bw'amazi mu karere ushingiye ku kugenzura ibidukikije, ugakorera mu bice binini by'inkombe.

Ku bijyanye no gukoresha neza ingufu, uburyo bwo kugenzura EC bwatanze inyungu zikomeye. Ubusanzwe, ubuhinzi bwaguranaga amazi menshi nk'uburyo bwo kwirinda, bugapfusha ubusa ingufu nyinshi. Hamwe no kugenzura EC neza, abatekinisiye banonosoye ingamba zo guhanahana amazi, bakora impinduka gusa igihe bibaye ngombwa. Amakuru yagaragaje ko ikoreshwa ry'ingufu za pompe y'ubuhinzi ryagabanutseho 35%, bizigama hafi $25.000 buri mwaka mu kiguzi cy'amashanyarazi. Byongeye kandi, bitewe n'imiterere y'amazi ihamye, ikoreshwa ry'ibiryo bya sturgeon ryarushijeho kuba ryiza, bigabanya ikiguzi cy'ibiryo ku kigero cya 15%.

Ubu bushakashatsi bwahuye n'imbogamizi za tekiniki. Akarere k'inyanja ya Kaspian gafite umunyu mwinshi kasabye ko sensor iramba cyane, aho electrode za sensor za mbere zangiritse mu mezi make. Nyuma yo kunoza hakoreshejwe electrode zidasanzwe za titanium alloy hamwe n'ibikoresho byo kurinda, igihe cyo kubaho cyarongerewe kugeza ku myaka irenga itatu. Indi mbogamizi ni ubukonje bw'imbeho, byagize ingaruka ku mikorere ya sensor. Umuti watanzwe wasabaga gushyiraho ibyuma bishyushya bito n'ibyuma birwanya urubura ahantu hakomeye ho kugenzura kugira ngo bikore umwaka wose.

Iyi porogaramu yo kugenzura EC igaragaza uburyo udushya mu ikoranabuhanga dushobora guhindura imikorere gakondo y’ubuhinzi. Umuyobozi w’ubuhinzi yagize ati: “Twakoreraga mu mwijima, ariko hamwe n’amakuru ya EC aboneka mu gihe nyacyo, ni nko kugira 'amaso yo munsi y’amazi'—dushobora gusobanukirwa neza ibidukikije by’inyoni ya sturgeon.” Intsinzi y’uru rubanza yakuruye ibitekerezo by’izindi nganda z’ubuhinzi za Kazakhstan, iteza imbere ikoreshwa rya sensor ya EC mu gihugu hose. Mu 2023, Minisiteri y’Ubuhinzi ya Kazakhstan yanashyizeho amahame ngenderwaho mu nganda zo kugenzura ubuziranenge bw’amazi yo mu mazi hashingiwe kuri uru rubanza, isaba imirima iciriritse n’inini gushyiraho ibikoresho by’ibanze byo kugenzura EC.

Uburyo bwo kugenzura umunyu mu kigo cy’amafi cyo mu kiyaga cya Balkhash

Ikiyaga cya Balkhash, ikibaya cy’amazi gikomeye mu majyepfo y’uburasirazuba bwa Kazakisitani, gitanga ahantu heza ho kororera amafi atandukanye yo mu bucuruzi bitewe n’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima byacyo byihariye by’amazi y’umunyu. Ariko, ikintu kidasanzwe cy’iki kiyaga ni itandukaniro rinini ry’umunyu hagati y’iburasirazuba n’iburengerazuba—akarere k’iburengerazuba, gatunzwe n’uruzi rwa Ili n’andi mazi meza, gafite umunyu muke (EC ≈ 300–500 μS/cm), mu gihe akarere k’iburasirazuba, kadafite aho gasohokera, gakusanya umunyu (EC ≈ 5,000–6,000 μS/cm). Uku kwiyongera k’umunyu guteye imbogamizi zidasanzwe ku bigo byororeramo amafi, bigatuma ibigo by’ubuhinzi byo muri ako gace bishakisha uburyo bushya bwo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya EC sensor.

Uruganda rw’amafi rwa “Aksu”, ruherereye ku nkombe y’iburengerazuba bw’ikiyaga cya Balkhash, ni rwo runini rukora ifiriti muri ako karere, cyane cyane korora amoko y’amazi meza nka carp, silver carp, na bighead carp, mu gihe rugerageza amafi yihariye yakwifashishwa mu kuvura ifiriti. Uburyo gakondo bwo kuvura ifiriti bwahuye n’umuvuduko udahindagurika wo kuvura ifiriti, cyane cyane mu gihe cy’impeshyi urubura rwashongaga ubwo amazi menshi y’umugezi wa Ili yateraga ihindagurika rikomeye rya EC mu mazi yinjira (200–800 μS/cm), bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku iterambere ry’amagi no kurokoka kw’ifiriti. Mu 2022, uruganda rw’amafi rwashyizeho uburyo bwo kugenzura umunyu bwikora bushingiye ku byuma bipima EC, bihindura cyane iki kibazo.

Imbere y'iyi sisitemu ikoresha imashini zitanga amakuru za Shandong Renke zo mu nganda, zifite uburebure bwa 0–20.000 μS/cm2 n'ubuziranenge bwo hejuru bwa ± 1%, cyane cyane zikwiriye ibidukikije by'umunyu uhindagurika mu kiyaga cya Balkhash. Umuyoboro w'ibipimo ushyirwa ahantu h'ingenzi nko mu nzira z'amazi, mu bigega byo gukurura amazi, no mu bigega, wohereza amakuru binyuze kuri CAN bus ku gikoresho cyo kugenzura gihujwe n'ibikoresho bivanga amazi meza/amazi y'ikiyaga kugira ngo bihindurwe mu buryo bw'umunyu mu gihe nyacyo. Iyi sisitemu kandi ihuza ubushyuhe, ogisijeni yashongeshejwe, n'ibindi bipimo byo kugenzura, itanga inkunga yuzuye y'amakuru yo gucunga aho bakura imyanda.

Gutera amagi y'amafi mu buryo bworoshye cyane iyo ahinduka mu buryo bw'umunyu. Urugero, amagi y'amafi yo mu bwoko bwa carp arakura neza mu rugero rwa EC ruri hagati ya 300–400 μS/cm, aho gutandukana kw'amagi bigabanya umubare w'amagi yo mu bwoko bwa EC n'umubare w'amagi yo mu bwoko bwa EC. Binyuze mu kugenzura EC buri gihe, abatekinisiye bavumbuye ko uburyo gakondo bwemereraga ihindagurika ry'amagi yo mu bwoko bwa EC mu buryo bwo gutera amagi yo mu bwoko bwa EC rirenze cyane ibyari byitezwe, cyane cyane mu gihe cyo guhinduranya amazi, aho ubunini bugera kuri ±150 μS/cm. Ubu buryo bushya bwageze ku buziranenge bwo guhindura ±10 μS/cm, bwongera igipimo cyo gutera amagi kuva kuri 65% kugeza kuri 88% kandi bugabanya ubusumbane kuva kuri 12% kugera munsi ya 4%. Uku kuzamuka kwazamuye cyane umusaruro w'amagi yo mu bwoko bwa carp n'inyungu mu bukungu.

Mu gihe cyo korora ifiriti, kugenzura EC byagaragaye ko bifite agaciro kangana. Uruganda rw’inka rukoresha uburyo bwo guhindura umunyu buhoro buhoro kugira ngo rutegure ifiriti zoherezwa mu bice bitandukanye by’ikiyaga cya Balkhash. Bakoresheje umuyoboro wa sensor ya EC, abatekinisiye bagenzura neza imiterere y’umunyu mu byuzi byo korora, bava ku mazi meza (EC ≈ 300 μS/cm) bakajya ku mazi y’umunyu (EC ≈ 3,000 μS/cm). Uku kumenyera neza byatumye igipimo cyo kubaho kw’ifiriti kigera kuri 30–40%, cyane cyane ku matsinda yagenewe uturere tw’iburasirazuba tw’ikiyaga dufite umunyu mwinshi.

Amakuru yo kugenzura ibidukikije yafashije no kunoza imikorere myiza y’umutungo w’amazi. Akarere k’ikiyaga cya Balkhash gahura n’ikibazo cy’ibura ry’amazi, kandi aho ubworozi gakondo bw’amatungo bwishingikirizaga cyane ku mazi yo munsi y’ubutaka kugira ngo buhindure umunyu, byari bihenze kandi bitaramba. Mu gusesengura amakuru y’amateka y’ibikoresho bya EC, abatekinisiye bakoze uburyo bwiza bwo kuvanga amazi yo munsi y’inyanja, bagabanya ikoreshwa ry’amazi yo munsi y’ubutaka ku kigero cya 60% mu gihe bujuje ibisabwa mu bigo by’amazi, bizigama amafaranga agera ku 12.000 buri mwaka. Ubu buryo bwatejwe imbere n’inzego zishinzwe ibidukikije zo mu gace nk’icyitegererezo cyo kubungabunga amazi.

Uburyo bushya bwo gukoresha muri uru rubanza bwari uguhuza igenzura rya EC n'amakuru y'ikirere kugira ngo hubakwe ingero z'ibizabera. Akarere k'ikiyaga cya Balkhash gakunze guhura n'imvura nyinshi n'urubura mu mpeshyi, bigatera ubwiyongere butunguranye bw'amazi y'uruzi rwa Ili bugira ingaruka ku munyu wo mu mazi y'inka. Mu guhuza amakuru y'urusobe rw'ibikoresho bya EC n'iteganyagihe, sisitemu iteganya ko EC y'inka izahinduka amasaha 24-48 mbere y'uko ikorwa, igahindura mu buryo bwikora ikigereranyo cyo kuvanga kugira ngo habeho amabwiriza ahamye. Iyi mikorere yabaye ingenzi cyane mu gihe cy'imyuzure yo mu mpeshyi ya 2023, ikomeza kubyara hejuru ya 85% mu gihe inyubako zisanzwe zororeramo zagabanutseho munsi ya 50%.

Uyu mushinga wahuye n'imbogamizi zo guhangana n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere. Amazi yo mu kiyaga cya Balkhash arimo ingano nyinshi ya karubone na sulfate, bigatuma habaho ingano ya electrode ibangamira uburyo bwo gupima. Igisubizo cyari ugukoresha electrode zidasanzwe zirwanya ingano hamwe n'uburyo bwo gusukura bwikora bukora isuku buri masaha 12. Byongeye kandi, plankton nyinshi mu kiyaga zafashe ubuso bw'ibipimo, bigabanukirwa no kunoza ahantu ho gushyira (kwirinda ahantu hafite biomass nyinshi) no kongeramo sterilization ya UV.

Intsinzi y'uruganda rw'inkangu rwa "Aksu" igaragaza uburyo ikoranabuhanga rya EC sensor rishobora gukemura ibibazo by'ubworozi bw'amafi mu buryo bwihariye bw'ibidukikije. Umuyobozi w'umushinga yagize ati: "Imiterere y'umunyu mu kiyaga cya Balkhash yari ikibazo gikomeye cyane, ariko ubu ni inyungu mu micungire ya siyansi - mu kugenzura neza EC, dushyiraho ibidukikije byiza ku moko atandukanye y'amafi n'ibice byo gukura." Uru rubanza rutanga ibitekerezo by'ingirakamaro ku bworozi bw'amafi mu biyaga bisa, cyane cyane ibifite imiterere y'umunyu cyangwa ihindagurika ry'umunyu mu bihe by'umwaka.

Dushobora kandi gutanga ibisubizo bitandukanye kuri

1. Igipimo gifata mu ntoki cy'ubwiza bw'amazi gifite ibipimo byinshi

2. Sisitemu yo gukamura amazi mu mazi ikoresha imiterere myinshi

3. Uburoso bwo gusukura bwikora ku buryo bwikora ku buryo bworoshye bw'amazi bukoresha parameter nyinshi

4. Seti yuzuye ya seriveri na porogaramu ya module idafite umugozi, ishyigikira RS485 GPRS /4g/WIFI/LORA/LORAWAN

Kugira ngo ubone sensor y'ubuziranenge bw'amazi amakuru,

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