Arabiya Sawudite, ikigo cy’ingufu ku isi kandi kikaba kirimo guhinduka cyane muri gahunda yacyo ya "Vision 2030", gishyira imbaraga mu mutekano, imikorere myiza, no kurengera ibidukikije mu nganda zayo. Muri urwo rwego, ibikoresho bipima gazi bikoreshwa nk'ikoranabuhanga ry'ingenzi mu kugenzura ibidukikije, kugenzura umutekano, no kugenzura ibikorwa. Iyi nyandiko itanga isesengura ryimbitse ry'ikoreshwa ry'ibipimo n'ibintu byihariye ku bikoresho bipima gazi mu nganda zikomeye muri Arabiya Sawudite.
I. Ibikoresho by'ingenzi byo gukoresha
- Umutekano Mbere na Mbere: Inganda nini za peteroli, gaze, na peteroli zo muri Arabiya Sawudite zicunga ingano nini y’imyuka ishobora gushya, guturika, n’uburozi. Gusohoka kwa gaze ni ikintu cy’ingenzi gishobora gutera inkongi z’umuriro, guturika, no gutwika abakozi. Gukurikirana gaze mu buryo nyabwo kandi bunoze ni ingenzi mu gukumira ibiza.
- Iyubahirizwa ry’Ibidukikije: Bitewe n’uko isi yose yibanda ku kubungabunga ibidukikije, Minisiteri y’Ibidukikije, Amazi n’Ubuhinzi (MEWA) yashyizeho amabwiriza akomeye yo gusohora imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Ibikoresho byo kugenzura imyuka ihumanya ikirere ni ibikoresho by’ingenzi mu kugenzura imyuka ihumanya ikirere (urugero, CH₄), imyuka ihumanya ikirere (urugero, SO₂, NOx), n’ibinyabutabire by’ingufu (VOCs) kugira ngo habeho kubahiriza amategeko.
- Kunoza Imikorere no Kurinda Umutungo: Mu nganda, ubwinshi bw'imyuka runaka bugira ingaruka zitaziguye ku mikorere myiza no ku bwiza bw'ibicuruzwa. Byongeye kandi, imyuka ihumanya nka Hydrogen Sulfide (H₂S) ishobora kwangiza cyane imiyoboro n'ibikoresho. Gukurikirana iyi myuka binoza umusaruro, bikongera igihe cyo kubaho k'umutungo, kandi bigabanya ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga.
- Ubuzima ku kazi: Mu myanya ifunze (urugero: aho bacukura, aho kubika ibintu, aho amazi yanduye ashyirwa), kubura umwuka wa ogisijeni cyangwa imyuka yangiza bitera ibyago bikomeye ku bakozi. Utwuma tw’umwuka twimukanwa n’utw’umwuka tudahinduka dutanga umuburo w’ingenzi hakiri kare.
II. Ingero z'ingenzi z'ikoreshwa ry'inganda n'inyigo ku manza
1. Inganda za peteroli na gaze
Uru nirwo rwego runini kandi rusaba imbaraga nyinshi mu gukoresha ibikoresho byo gupima gazi muri Arabiya Sawudite.
- Ubushakashatsi n'Umusaruro mu Burasirazuba:
- Ishusho: Imashini zo gucukura, amasoko y'amazi, aho guteranira.
- Imyuka ikurikiranwa: Imyuka itwika (LEL – Umupaka wo hasi w’ibisasu), Hydrogen Sulfide (H₂S), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Sulfure Dioxide (SO₂), Oxygen (O₂).
- Inyigo: Ku butaka bwa peteroli bwa Ghawar mu Ntara y'Iburasirazuba, hashyizweho ibikoresho ibihumbi bipima gazi ku miyoboro y'amazi n'aho imiyoboro ihurira, bigatuma habaho umuyoboro w'ubugenzuzi w'ubucucike. Iyo hagaragaye amazi ya methane (CH₄) hejuru y'umubare wagenwe (ubusanzwe ni 20-25% LEL), sisitemu ihita itera amajwi n'amashusho, igahita ikoresha sisitemu yo guhagarika byihutirwa (ESD) kugira ngo ikure amazi, kandi yohereze amakuru mu cyumba cyo kugenzura kugira ngo habeho ubutabazi bwihutirwa. Gukurikirana H₂S ifite uburozi bwinshi bisaba ubushishozi buhanitse (akenshi kuri ppm levels) kugira ngo abakozi bagire umutekano.
- Gutunganya hagati n'inyuma y'amazi:
- Ishusho: Inganda zitunganya ibikomoka kuri peteroli, imiyoboro y'amazi, ahantu ho kubika ibintu.
- Imyuka ikurikiranwa: Uretse ibyavuzwe haruguru, hari n'ibinyabutabire by'umwimerere (VOCs) (urugero: Benzene, Toluene), Ammonia (NH₃), na Chlorine (Cl₂) bikurikiranwa.
- Inyigo y'Urugero: Mu nyubako nini za peteroli i Jubail cyangwa Yanbu, sisitemu zo kugenzura imyuka y’ibice byinshi zishyirwa hirya no hino mu byuma bicukura no mu byuma bivura amazi. Urugero, mu mirima y’ibigega, sensors za Open-Path Infrared (IR) zikora "uruzitiro rw'ikoranabuhanga" rutagaragara kugira ngo zimenye imyuka ihumanya ya VOC ikwirakwira hose, zikumire ikirere giturika kandi zigenzure ko ibidukikije byubahirizwa. Ku nkengero z'uruganda, abasesengura SO₂ batanga amakuru ahoraho y’imyuka ihumanya kugira ngo bemeze ko amabwiriza ya MEWA yubahirizwa.
2. Serivisi z'amashanyarazi n'ingufu
- Ishusho: Inganda zitanga amashanyarazi (cyane cyane inyubako zitanga gazi), sitasiyo nto, inganda zitunganya amazi yanduye.
- Imyuka ikurikiranwa: Imyuka itwika (CH₄), Hydrogen (H₂) (yo gukonjesha icyuma gitanga umuriro), Ozone (O₃), Chlorine (Cl₂) (yo gutunganya amazi), Hydrogen Sulfide (H₂S) (ikorerwa mu miyoboro y'amazi n'imiyoboro yo gutunganya).
- Inyigo y'Urugero: Muri sitasiyo nini y'amashanyarazi i Riyadh, sensors za catalytic bead cyangwa IR zikoreshwa cyane mu kugenzura amazi ya methane mu byumba bya turbine na sitasiyo zigenzura gaze karemano. Hagati aho, mu tunnels za cable na basement, utwuma duto duto turinda guturika kw'imyuka iterwa no gushyuha cyane kw'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi. Mu ruganda rw'amazi yanduye ruri hafi aho, abakozi bagomba gukoresha utwuma duto duto dutwara gaze kugira ngo barebe niba ingano ya O₂, LEL, H₂S, na CO iri mu mutekano mbere yo kwinjira mu myanya ifunze nko mu bigega by'amazi, bakurikiza cyane inzira zo kwinjira.
3. Inyubako n'ibikorwaremezo by'imijyi
- Ishusho: Amagaraje yo guparika imodoka, imiyoboro y'amazi, amaduka menshi, laboratwari z'ibitaro.
- Imyuka igenzurwa: Monoxide ya karuboni (CO), Oxide ya azote (NOx) (cyane cyane ituruka mu byuka by'imodoka).
- Inyigo y'Urugero: Mu bibanza binini byo guparika imodoka munsi y'ubutaka i Riyadh cyangwa Jeddah, sisitemu zo guhumeka zikunze guhuzwa n'ibipimo bya CO. Iyo ingano y'ibipimo izamutse ikagera ku rugero rwagenwe (urugero, 50 ppm), ibipimo bihita bikoresha ibipimo by'umwuka bisohora umwuka kugira ngo bizane umwuka mwiza kugeza igihe ingano nziza igarutse, bikinga ubuzima bw'abakiriya n'abakozi.
4. Ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro n'ibyuma
- Ishusho: Ibirombe bya fosifate, ibirombe bya zahabu, imashini zishongesha.
- Imyuka ikurikiranwa: Uretse imyuka isanzwe ihumanya kandi itwika, imyuka yihariye nka Fosfini (PH₃) na Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) ikeneye gukurikiranwa.
- Inyigo y'Urugero: Mu mujyi w’inganda za Wa'ad Al-Shamal phosphate, inzira yo gukora ifumbire ishobora gutanga PH₃. Utwuma twa PH₃ tw’amashanyarazi cyangwa semiconductor twashyizwe mu duce dukorerwamo imirimo n’aho ububiko bubikwamo ibintu bitanga uburyo bwo kumenya amazi hakiri kare, bikarinda abakozi guhura n’ikibazo.
III. Ibyerekezo by'ikoranabuhanga n'icyerekezo cy'ejo hazaza
Uburyo bwo gupima gazi muri Arabiya Sawudite burimo gutera imbere mu bushishozi no guhuza ibikorwa byabwo:
- IoT & Digitalization: Sensors ziri guhinduka kuva ku byuma byigenga by’intabaza bijya ku byuma by’amakuru bifite umurongo ngenderwaho. Hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga ritagira insinga nka LoRaWAN na 4G/5G, amakuru yoherezwa mu buryo bwihuse ku mbuga za internet zikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya internet mu gihe nyacyo kugira ngo akurikirane kure, asesengura amakuru menshi, kandi akomeze kubungabungwa.
- Igenzura rya UAV na Roboti: Mu bice binini cyangwa biteje akaga (urugero, imiyoboro iri kure, ahantu hanini cyane), indege zitagira abapilote zifite sensors nka laser methane detectors zikora igenzura ryiza kandi ritekanye, zigahita zigaragaza aho amazi yamenetse.
- Ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo kumenya: Ikoranabuhanga rigezweho kandi ritoranya neza nka Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) na Photoionization Detectors (PID for VOCs) ririmo gukoreshwa cyane kugira ngo rihuze n'amahame akaze y'ibidukikije n'umutekano.
- Guhuza ikoranabuhanga rya AI: Algorithm za AI zishobora gusesengura imiterere y'amakuru ya sensor kugira ngo zitandukire imbogamizi nyazo n'izitari zo (urugero, inzibutso ziterwa n'imyuka ya mazutu) no guhanura ko ibikoresho bishobora kwangirika cyangwa uko amazi agenda asohoka.
Umwanzuro
Mu rwego rwa "Vision 2030" ya Arabiya Sawudite, itera imbere mu bukungu no kuvugurura inganda, ibikoresho bipima gazi byabaye abarinzi b'ingenzi ku mutekano w'inganda zayo z'ingenzi no kugera ku iterambere rirambye rirambye. Kuva ku nganda nini za peteroli kugeza ku mijyi igezweho, izi nyubako zitagaragara zikora amasaha 24/7, zirinda abakozi, zirinda ibidukikije, kandi zinoza umusaruro. Zigize urufatiro rw'ingenzi rw'ejo hazaza h'inganda za Arabiya Sawudite, kandi nta gushidikanya ko ikoreshwa ryazo rizakomeza kwaguka mu buryo bwimbitse no mu bugari uko ikoranabuhanga rigenda ritera imbere.
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Igihe cyo kohereza: 17 Nzeri 2025