Imihindagurikire y’ibihe mu mazi y’amazi meza yerekanwe ku miterere n’imikorere y’ibinyabuzima byo ku nkombe. Twasuzumye impinduka zatewe n’amasoko y’inzuzi kuri sisitemu y’inyanja ya Patagonia y’Amajyaruguru y’Uburengerazuba (NWP) mu myaka ya vuba aha (1993–2021) dukoresheje isesengura ry’igihe kirekire cy’imigezi, kwigana hydrologiya, ibyogajuru bikomoka kuri satellite hamwe n’ibisesengura ku miterere y’inyanja (ubushyuhe, umuvuduko, n’umunyu). Igabanuka rikabije ry’imigezi ntarengwa yambukiranya akarere kagizwe n’ibibaya bitandatu by’inzuzi byagaragaye ku munzani wa buri cyumweru, ukwezi, n'ibihe. Izi mpinduka zagaragaye cyane mu kibaya cy’ubutegetsi buvanze (urugero, uruzi rwa Puelo) ariko bigaragara ko rugenda rugana mu majyepfo kugera ku nzuzi zirangwa n’ubutegetsi bwa nival. Mu nyanja yegereye ibice bibiri byegeranye, kugabanuka kwinjiza amazi meza bihuye na halocline idakabije hamwe n'ubushyuhe bwo hejuru hejuru ya Patagonia. Ibisubizo byacu bishimangira ingaruka zihuta zinzuzi kuri estuarine yegeranye n’amazi yo ku nkombe muri NWP. Turagaragaza ko hakenewe kwitegereza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, guteganya, kugabanya no kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere mu gihe cy’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, hamwe n’imicungire y’ibibaya ihuza imiterere ya sisitemu itanga amazi y’amazi yo ku nyanja.
Inzuzi nisoko yambere yamazi meza yo kumugabane winjira mumyanyanja1. Muri sisitemu ikikijwe na kimwe cya kabiri, imigezi nigikoresho cyingenzi cyogutembera2 hamwe nikiraro kiri hagati y’ibinyabuzima byo ku isi n’inyanja, gutwara intungamubiri, ibinyabuzima, n’ibimera byuzuza ibikomoka ku nyanja n’inyanja3. Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa bwerekanye ko bwahinduye ingano n’igihe cy’amazi meza yinjira mu nyanja y’inyanja4. Isesengura ryuruhererekane rwibihe hamwe na hydrologiya yerekana uburyo butandukanye bwa spatiotemporal5, urugero, nkurugero, kuva kwiyongera gukabije kwamazi meza y’amazi meza mu burebure buri hejuru6 - bitewe n’urubura rwinshi rwa barafu - kugeza aho kugabanuka kwagati rwagati bitewe n’amapfa y’amazi 7. Hatitawe ku cyerekezo n'ubunini bw'imihindagurikire iherutse kuvugwa, imihindagurikire y’ikirere yagaragaye ko ari yo nyirabayazana w'ingengabihe ya hydrologiya yahinduwe8, mu gihe ingaruka ku mazi yo ku nkombe ndetse n'ibinyabuzima bashyigikiye bitarasuzumwa neza kandi ngo byumvikane9. Imihindagurikire y’igihe gito, iterwa n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere (guhindura imiterere y’imvura n’ubushyuhe bwiyongera) hamwe n’umuvuduko wa antropogeneque nkingomero z’amashanyarazi cyangwa ibigega10,11, kuhira imyaka, hamwe n’imikoreshereze y’ubutaka12, bitera ikibazo cyo gusesengura imigendekere y’amazi meza 13,14. Kurugero, ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwerekanye ko uduce dufite amashyamba menshi atandukanye agaragaza guhangana n’ibidukikije mu gihe cy’amapfa kurusha ayiganjemo amashyamba cyangwa ubuhinzi15,16. Hagati y’imiterere, gusobanukirwa n’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ku nyanja y’inyanja binyuze mu gutandukanya ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ndetse n’imivurungano ya antropogeneque bisaba ko harebwa uburyo bwifashishwa mu guhindura ibintu kugira ngo impinduka mu butegetsi bwa hydrologiya zishobore gutandukana n’imivurungano z’abantu.
Uburengerazuba bwa Patagonia (> 41 ° S ku nkombe za pasifika yo muri Amerika yepfo) bugaragara nka kamwe muri utwo turere tubungabunzwe neza, aho ubushakashatsi bukomeje ari ngombwa mu gukurikirana no kurinda ibyo bidukikije. Muri kano karere, inzuzi zitemba zidegembya zikorana na geomorphologie igoye yo ku nkombe kugirango ibe imwe muri macro-estuaries nini ku isi 17,18. Bitewe n’uko bari kure, ikibaya cy’umugezi wa Patagonia gikomeje guhungabana bidasanzwe, gifite amashyamba maremare kavukire19, ubwinshi bw’abaturage, kandi muri rusange nta ngomero, ibigega, n’ibikorwa remezo byo kuhira. Intege nke z’ibinyabuzima byo ku nkombe z’imihindagurikire y’ibidukikije biterwa ahanini n’ubwiyongere, bitewe n’imikoranire n’amasoko y'amazi meza. Amazi meza yinjira mu mazi yo ku nkombe y’amajyaruguru y’iburengerazuba bwa Patagonia (NWP; 41-46 ºS), harimo imvura itonyanga n’imigezi itemba, ikorana n’amazi menshi yo mu nyanja, cyane cyane Amazi ya Subantarctic y’umunyu mwinshi (SAAW). Ibi na byo, bigira ingaruka ku buryo bwo kuzenguruka, kuvugurura amazi, no guhumeka20 binyuze mu gisekuru cy’imyunyu ngugu ikomeye, hamwe n’urwego rwo hejuru rw’ibihe bitandukanye ndetse n’uburinganire butandukanye muri halocline21. Imikoranire hagati yaya masoko yombi yamazi nayo igira ingaruka kumiterere ya planktonique22, igira ingaruka kumucyo 23, kandi biganisha ku kugabanuka kwa Nitrogen na Fosifore muri SAAW24 kandi byongera itangwa rya orthosilike murwego rwo hejuru 25,26. Byongeye kandi, amazi meza yinjiza bivamo intambwe ihanamye ya ogisijeni yashonze (DO) muri aya mazi ya estuarine, hamwe nigice cyo hejuru cyerekana ubusanzwe DO (6-8 mL L - 1) 27.
Ibikorwa bitagereranywa biranga ikibaya cy’umugabane wa Patagonia bitandukanye no gukoresha cyane inkombe, cyane cyane n’inganda z’amafi, urwego rukomeye mu bukungu muri Chili. Kugeza ubu iri ku mwanya wa mbere mu bihugu by’ubuhinzi bw’amafi ku isi, Chili n’igihugu cya kabiri mu bihugu byohereza ibicuruzwa bya salmon na trout, n’ibyohereza ibicuruzwa byinshi mu mahanga 28. Ubworozi bwa Salmon na mussel, ubu bukaba bufite ca. Ibibanza 2300 byoroheje hamwe nubuso bwa ca. Ha 24.000 muri kariya karere, zitanga agaciro gakomeye mu bukungu mu majyepfo ya Chili29. Iterambere ntirishobora kugira ingaruka ku bidukikije, cyane cyane mubijyanye n'ubuhinzi bwa salmon, igikorwa kigira uruhare mu ntungamubiri zidasanzwe kuri iyi ecosystem30. Byagaragaye kandi ko bishobora kwibasirwa cyane n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere31,32.
Mu myaka ya vuba aha, ubushakashatsi bwakorewe muri NWP bwerekanye ko igabanuka ry’amazi meza 33 kandi riteganya ko imigezi izagabanuka mu gihe cyizuba n'itumba 34, ndetse no kongera amapfa y’amazi 35. Izi mpinduka mumazi meza yinjiza bigira ingaruka kubidukikije byihuse kandi bigira ingaruka zikomeye kubidukikije bigari. Kurugero, ibihe bikabije mumazi yubuso bwinyanja mugihe cyizuba-cyizuba cyamapfa cyabaye kenshi, kandi, hamwe na hamwe, byagize ingaruka mubikorwa byubworozi bwamafi binyuze muri hypoxia36, byongera parasitism, nuburabyo bwangiza algal 32,37,38 (HABs).
Mu myaka ya vuba aha, ubushakashatsi bwakorewe muri NWP bwerekanye ko igabanuka ry’amazi meza 33 kandi riteganya ko imigezi izagabanuka mu gihe cyizuba n'itumba 34, ndetse no kongera amapfa y’amazi 35. Izi mpinduka mumazi meza yinjiza bigira ingaruka kubidukikije byihuse kandi bigira ingaruka zikomeye kubidukikije bigari. Kurugero, ibihe bikabije mumazi yubuso bwinyanja mugihe cyizuba-cyizuba cyamapfa cyabaye kenshi, kandi, hamwe na hamwe, byagize ingaruka mubikorwa byubworozi bwamafi binyuze muri hypoxia36, byongera parasitism, nuburabyo bwangiza algal 32,37,38 (HABs).
Ubumenyi bugezweho ku kugabanuka kwamazi meza yinjira muri NWP ashingiye ku isesengura ryibipimo bya hydrologiya 39, bisobanura imiterere yimibare cyangwa imbaraga zamakuru ya hydrologique yamakuru akomoka kumubare muto wibyanditswe birebire kandi bitagaragara cyane. Kubijyanye na hydrographic imiterere ijyanye n’amazi ya estuarine ya NWP cyangwa inyanja yegeranye, nta nyandiko ndende ihari ihari. Bitewe n’intege nke z’ibikorwa by’imibereho n’ubukungu by’inyanja ku ngaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, ni ngombwa ko hajyaho uburyo bunoze bw’imiterere y’inyanja ku micungire no kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere ni ngombwa40. Kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke, twahujije uburyo bwo kwerekana hydrologiya (1990–2020) hamwe n’amakuru akomoka ku cyogajuru hamwe n’isesengura ryerekeye imiterere y’inyanja (1993–2020). Ubu buryo bufite intego ebyiri z'ingenzi: (1) gusuzuma imigendekere y’amateka mu bipimo bya hydrologiya ku rwego rw’akarere no (2) gusuzuma ingaruka z’izo mpinduka kuri sisitemu y’inyanja yegeranye, cyane cyane ku bijyanye n’umunyu w’inyanja, ubushyuhe, n’ubushyuhe.
Turashobora gutanga ubwoko butandukanye bwibikoresho byubwenge kugirango dukurikirane hydrology nubuziranenge bwamazi, ikaze kugisha inama.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-18-2024