Igipimo cy'amazi n'ibisigazwa by'umushinga w'ibishanga bitatu

Incamake
Ikibazo cy’amazi n’ibikomoka ku mucanga ni kimwe mu bintu by’ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku mikorere n’ubuzima bw’umushinga wa Three Gorges (TGP). Hakoreshejwe uburyo bwinshi mu gukora ubushakashatsi ku bibazo by’amazi n’ibikomoka ku mucanga bya TGP mu gihe cyo kwerekana, gutegura, gushushanya, kubaka no gukora, kandi habonetse ibisubizo byinshi by’ingenzi. Kugira ngo dusobanukirwe iterambere ry’ibipimo by’amazi n’ibikomoka ku mucanga mu mishinga ihagarariye Ubushinwa n’uburambe bwo kwitegereza ibikomoka ku mucanga mu bigega binini cyane, gupima amazi n’ibikomoka ku mucanga bya TGP byibanzweho cyane muri iyi nyandiko. Bikubiyemo imiterere rusange ya TGP, ikwirakwizwa ry’umuyoboro w’amazi, ibintu bipima, ikoranabuhanga rishya ryo gupima, n’impinduka z’ibikomoka ku mucanga mu kigega no mu gice cyo hepfo cy’umugezi nyuma yo gufatirwa kwa TGP. Ibisubizo byo gupima amazi bigaragaza ko imiterere y’ibanze y’ibibazo by’amazi ari myiza, kandi ibi bibazo by’amazi bishobora kwiyongera, bigatera imbere, kandi bigahinduka uko igihe kigenda gihita, bityo bigomba kwitabwaho buri gihe.

1 INTANGIRIRO
Umushinga w’Imyoboro Mitatu (TGP) ni wo mushinga munini ku isi wo kubungabunga amazi n’ingufu z’amazi. Uru rugomero ruri i Sandouping, Umujyi wa Yichang, mu Ntara ya Hubei, ari na wo murongo utandukanya amazi n’amazi yo hagati mu mugezi wa Yangtze. Ugenzura ubuso bw’amazi angana na miliyoni 1 km2, kandi ingano y’amazi asohoka buri mwaka igera kuri miliyoni 451.000 m3. Ufite ubushobozi bwo kubika amazi angana na miliyari 22.15, uyu mushinga ugira uruhare runini mu kurwanya imyuzure mu kibaya cy’uruzi rwa Yangtze. Ufite ubushobozi bwo kubika amazi angana na metero 175, ubushobozi bwo kubika amazi yose hamwe ni 39.300 na miliyoni 22.150 m3 ni ubushobozi bwo kurwanya imyuzure. Iterambere rya TGP ryibanda ku gukumira imyuzure, gutanga amashanyarazi, no gutwara amazi. Bizananoza ibidukikije. Muri icyo gihe, hatanzwe inyungu zisesuye ku bijyanye no kurwanya imyuzure, kugenda mu mazi, gutanga amashanyarazi, no gukoresha umutungo kamere w’amazi.

Nk'igice cy'ingenzi cya sisitemu yo kurwanya imyuzure mu nkengero zo hagati n'izo hasi z'uruzi rwa Yangtze, TGP igenzura 96% by'amazi yinjira mu ruzi rwa Jingjiang, igice cy'uruzi giteje akaga cyane mu gihe cy'imyuzure, na bibiri bya gatatu by'amazi yinjira muri Wuhan. TGP igira uruhare runini mu kugabanya imyuzure no kugabanya imyuzure ikomeye mu nkengero zo hejuru z'uruzi rwa Yangtze. Mu mpera za Kanama, urugomero rwari rwahagaritse metero kibe miliyari 180 z'amazi mu bihe by'imyuzure. Rwabonye metero kibe zirenga 70.000 ku isegonda mu 2010, 2012 kandi rwagabanyije imisozi miremire y'imyuzure ku kigero cya 40%, bigabanya cyane umuvuduko wo kurwanya imyuzure mu turere two hepfo y'uruzi. Mu bihe by'izuba, amazi yavuye mu mazi yazamuwe agera kuri metero kibe zirenga 5500 ku isegonda, atanga metero kibe zirenga miliyari 20 z'amazi ku mwaka ku nkengero zo hagati n'izo hasi z'uruzi rwa Yangtze.

Isuzuma ry’icyitegererezo rikorwa kugira ngo rikore ubushakashatsi ku myanda, kubaka, no gukora kwa TGP mu bihe bitandukanye. Ibipimo by’icyitegererezo byakoreshejwe mu gusesengura ihinduka ry’amazi atemba n’umuvuduko w’amazi mu muyoboro mukuru w’uruzi rwa Yangtze, ndetse n’impinduka n’impinduka z’ubutaka bw’uruzi. Ikwirakwizwa ry’ahantu rigaragara ku Ishusho ya 1. Ibisubizo by’isuzuma ririho ubu bihuye n’icyiciro cyo kwiga uburyo ibintu bishoboka (Lu & Huang, 2013), ariko bitewe n’igabanuka ry’amazi yo hejuru y’uruzi n’iyubakwa ry’ibigega by’amazi ku ruzi rwa Jinsha nyuma y’imyaka ya 1990, amazi yo mu kigega cya Three Gorges (TGR) ni make cyane ugereranyije na mbere, bigatuma amazi yo hasi y’uruzi arushaho kuba manini kandi akagira intera iri hagati yarwo.

2 IGIKORESHO CY'UMUYOBORO W'AMAZI N'UBUPIMYI
Kugira ngo hakusanywe amakuru y'ibanze no gutanga serivisi zo kubaka ibibaya, Komisiyo ishinzwe umutungo w'amazi ya Changjiang yagiye ishyiraho buhoro buhoro umubare munini wa sitasiyo z'amazi ku mugezi munini n'imigezi itemba y'uruzi rwa Yangtze kuva mu myaka ya 1950. Mu myaka ya 1990, umuyoboro wose w'amazi n'umuyoboro wo kugenzura ibishanga wari warashinzwe. Urimo sitasiyo 118 z'amazi n'imiyoboro irenga 350 yo gupima. Byongeye kandi, imirimo myinshi yo gusesengura imigezi no gusesengura ibishanga yararangiye. Amakuru yerekeye amazi n'ibishanga mu myaka myinshi ishize yatanze ishingiro rya siyansi mu kwerekana, gushushanya, kubaka, no gukoresha TGP.

Isuzuma ry’imiterere y’ubutaka rikorwa kugira ngo rikore ubushakashatsi ku butaka, kubaka no gukoresha TGR mu bihe bitandukanye. Nyuma y’uko ikigega gitangiye kubika mu 2003, ikibazo cy’ubutaka cyagaragaye haba mu nkengero zo hejuru no hasi, kandi isuzuma ry’imiterere y’ubutaka n’ubushakashatsi ku butaka byakozwe kugira ngo TGP ikore neza. Intego y’isuzuma ikubiyemo ibi bikurikira: Kumenya neza amakuru y’inyuma y’aho umuyoboro w’amazi uherereye mbere yo gufatirwa burundu; Gutanga ibisobanuro ku cyemezo cyo gufata mu byiciro; gukurikirana mu buryo nyabwo ihinduka ry’isuri n’aho ishyirwa mu nkengero zo hejuru no hasi nyuma yo gufatirwa, no kumenya ibibazo, kugira ngo hafatwe ingamba ku gihe; kwemeza ikoranabuhanga ryakoreshejwe mu gupima ubutaka, no kongera icyizere cy’iteganyagihe ry’ubutaka rya TGP.

Urutonde rw'ingero z'amazi y'ibishanga birimo agace k'ikigega, aho urugomero ruherereye, n'aho rugera hasi. Kuva mu 1949, hashingiwe ku gipimo cy'ibishanga cyakoreshejwe igihe kirekire, kureba imiyoboro, no gushakisha no gukora iperereza, amakuru menshi y'ubushakashatsi ku bishanga byakozwe n'ubushakashatsi yari yarakusanyijwe, bityo bigahura n'ibikenewe mu igenamigambi, igishushanyo mbonera n'ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi mu cyiciro cyo gusobanura. Icyiciro cyo kubaka ni icy'agateganyo kugira ngo gikurikire prophase, kandi igihe cyose cyo kubaka ni 17a, bityo bikaba ngombwa gukomeza gukurikirana ihindagurika ry'amazi, ibishanga, n'imiterere y'umupaka. Ibi ntibitanga gusa ishingiro ry'igishushanyo mbonera, ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi, ubwubatsi, n'imikorere, ahubwo binatuma igishushanyo mbonera n'amabwiriza birushaho kuba byiza.

Ibintu byo gukurikirana ahanini birimo ibijyanye n'amazi, ibisigazwa, n'ubutaka bw'imiyoboro. Isuzuma ry'ubutaka bw'imiyoboro rigamije ahanini kureba uko imiyoboro ihinduka mu buryo buhoraho, aho ibisigazwa bishyirwa mu kigega, isuri iri hasi, n'ihindagurika ry'ahantu h'ingenzi nyuma yo gufatirwa kwa TGP.

2 IGIKORESHO CY'UMUYOBORO W'AMAZI N'UBUPIMYI
Kugira ngo hakusanywe amakuru y'ibanze no gutanga serivisi zo kubaka ibibaya, Komisiyo ishinzwe umutungo w'amazi ya Changjiang yagiye ishyiraho buhoro buhoro umubare munini wa sitasiyo z'amazi ku mugezi munini n'imigezi itemba y'uruzi rwa Yangtze kuva mu myaka ya 1950. Mu myaka ya 1990, umuyoboro wose w'amazi n'umuyoboro wo kugenzura ibishanga wari warashinzwe. Urimo sitasiyo 118 z'amazi n'imiyoboro irenga 350 yo gupima. Byongeye kandi, imirimo myinshi yo gusesengura imigezi no gusesengura ibishanga yararangiye. Amakuru yerekeye amazi n'ibishanga mu myaka myinshi ishize yatanze ishingiro rya siyansi mu kwerekana, gushushanya, kubaka, no gukoresha TGP.

Isuzuma ry’imiterere y’ubutaka rikorwa kugira ngo rikore ubushakashatsi ku butaka, kubaka no gukoresha TGR mu bihe bitandukanye. Nyuma y’uko ikigega gitangiye kubika mu 2003, ikibazo cy’ubutaka cyagaragaye haba mu nkengero zo hejuru no hasi, kandi isuzuma ry’imiterere y’ubutaka n’ubushakashatsi ku butaka byakozwe kugira ngo TGP ikore neza. Intego y’isuzuma ikubiyemo ibi bikurikira: Kumenya neza amakuru y’inyuma y’aho umuyoboro w’amazi uherereye mbere yo gufatirwa burundu; Gutanga ibisobanuro ku cyemezo cyo gufata mu byiciro; gukurikirana mu buryo nyabwo ihinduka ry’isuri n’aho ishyirwa mu nkengero zo hejuru no hasi nyuma yo gufatirwa, no kumenya ibibazo, kugira ngo hafatwe ingamba ku gihe; kwemeza ikoranabuhanga ryakoreshejwe mu gupima ubutaka, no kongera icyizere cy’iteganyagihe ry’ubutaka rya TGP.

Urutonde rw'ingero z'amazi y'ibishanga birimo agace k'ikigega, aho urugomero ruherereye, n'aho rugera hasi. Kuva mu 1949, hashingiwe ku gipimo cy'ibishanga cyakoreshejwe igihe kirekire, kureba imiyoboro, no gushakisha no gukora iperereza, amakuru menshi y'ubushakashatsi ku bishanga byakozwe n'ubushakashatsi yari yarakusanyijwe, bityo bigahura n'ibikenewe mu igenamigambi, igishushanyo mbonera n'ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi mu cyiciro cyo gusobanura. Icyiciro cyo kubaka ni icy'agateganyo kugira ngo gikurikire prophase, kandi igihe cyose cyo kubaka ni 17a, bityo bikaba ngombwa gukomeza gukurikirana ihindagurika ry'amazi, ibishanga, n'imiterere y'umupaka. Ibi ntibitanga gusa ishingiro ry'igishushanyo mbonera, ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi, ubwubatsi, n'imikorere, ahubwo binatuma igishushanyo mbonera n'amabwiriza birushaho kuba byiza.

Ibintu byo gukurikirana ahanini birimo ibijyanye n'amazi, ibisigazwa, n'ubutaka bw'imiyoboro. Isuzuma ry'ubutaka bw'imiyoboro rigamije ahanini kureba uko imiyoboro ihinduka mu buryo buhoraho, aho ibisigazwa bishyirwa mu kigega, isuri iri hasi, n'ihindagurika ry'ahantu h'ingenzi nyuma yo gufatirwa kwa TGP.

Imashini ipima umuvuduko w'amazi mu gihe cya radar ikoresha uburyo bwa DAMS, imiyoboro ifunguye, n'imiyoboro y'amazi yo munsi y'ubutaka, ishobora gukurikirana amakuru mu gihe nyacyo.