Ibisobanuro
Ikibazo cyo gutemba no gutemba nikimwe mubintu byingenzi bigira ingaruka kumikorere yo kohereza nubuzima bwumushinga wa Gorges eshatu (TGP). Uburyo bwinshi bwakoreshejwe mubushakashatsi bwibibazo byimigezi nubutaka bwa TGP mugihe cyo kwerekana, gutegura, gushushanya, kubaka no gukora, kandi ibisubizo byinshi byingenzi byabonetse. Kugira ngo dusobanukirwe n’iterambere ry’ibipimo by’imigezi n’ibimera mu mishinga ihagarariye Ubushinwa hamwe n’uburambe bwo kureba imyanda mu bigega binini cyane, gupima imigezi n’ibimera bya TGP byerekanwe cyane muri iyi nyandiko. Harimo imiterere rusange ya TGP, gukwirakwiza umuyoboro wa sitasiyo ya hydrologiya, ibintu byo gupima, ikoranabuhanga rishya ryo gupima, hamwe n’imihindagurikire y’ibimera mu kigega no mu majyepfo nyuma yo gufatirwa kwa TGP. Ibisubizo byo gupima imyanda byerekana ko ibintu byibanze byibibazo byimitsi ari byiza, kandi ibyo bibazo byimitsi birashobora kwegeranya, gutera imbere, no guhinduka mugihe, bityo rero bigomba kwitabwaho ubudahwema.
1 IRIBURIRO
Umushinga wa Gorges eshatu (TGP) niwo mushinga munini wo kubungabunga amazi n’amashanyarazi ku isi. Urugomero ruri ahitwa Sandouping, mu mujyi wa Yichang, mu Ntara ya Hubei, akaba ariwo murongo ugabanya imigezi yo hagati no hejuru y’umugezi w’uruzi rwa Yangtze. Igenzura ubuso bwamazi ya miriyoni 1 km2, naho impuzandengo yumwaka utemba igera kuri miriyoni 451.000 m3. Ifite ubushobozi bwo kubika umwuzure wa metero kibe miliyari 22.15, umushinga ugira uruhare runini mu kurwanya umwuzure mu kibaya cy’uruzi rwa Yangtze. Hamwe nurwego rusanzwe rwafashwe m 175, ubushobozi bwo kubika ikigega ni 39.300 na miriyoni 22.150 m3 muri zo nubushobozi bwo kurwanya umwuzure. Iterambere rya TGP ryibanda ku gukumira umwuzure, kubyara amashanyarazi, n’inyungu zo gutwara amazi. Bizateza imbere kandi ibidukikije. Muri icyo gihe, hatanzwe inyungu zuzuye zijyanye no kurwanya umwuzure, kugendagenda, kubyara amashanyarazi, no gukoresha umutungo w’amazi.
Nkigice cyingenzi cya gahunda yo kurwanya umwuzure hagati no hepfo y’uruzi rwa Yangtze, TGP igenzura 96% byinjira mu ruzi rwa Jingjiang, igice cy’inzuzi ziteye akaga cyane mu gihe cy’umwuzure, ndetse na bibiri bya gatatu by’abinjira i Wuhan. TGP igira uruhare runini mu kugabanya imyuzure no kugabanya imyuzure nini mu masoko yo mu ruzi rwa Yangtze. Mu mpera za Kanama, urugomero rwari rumaze gufata metero kibe 180 z'amazi mu gihe cy'umwuzure. Yabonye ubwinjira bwa metero kibe zirenga 70.000 ku isegonda mu mwaka wa 2010, 2012 kandi bigabanya impinga z’umwuzure hafi 40%, byorohereza cyane umuvuduko wo kurwanya imyuzure mu bice byo hepfo. Mu gihe cyizuba, imyanda yazamutse igera kuri metero kibe zirenga 5500 ku isegonda, itanga metero kibe zirenga miliyari 20 z'amazi ku mwaka kugera no hagati y’uruzi rwa Yangtze.
Indorerezi ya prototype ikorwa kugirango ikore ubushakashatsi bwimyanda, ubwubatsi, nigikorwa cya TGP mugihe gitandukanye. Ibipimo bya prototype byakoreshejwe mu gusesengura itandukaniro riri hagati y’amazi n’imyanda iva mu muyoboro munini w’umugezi wa Yangtze, hamwe n’imihindagurikire n’ihindagurika ry’uruzi. Ikwirakwizwa ryibibanza ryerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 1. Ibisubizo biriho ubu birahuye ahanini n’icyiciro cy’inyigisho zishoboka (Lu & Huang, 2013), ariko kubera igabanuka ry’imigezi yo hejuru no kubaka ibigega bya casade ku ruzi rwa Jinsha nyuma ya za 90, ubutayu bw’ikigega cya Gorges eshatu (TGR) ni gito cyane ugereranije na mbere, bikavamo ubukana bwinshi n’intera y’uruzi.
2 HIDROLOGIQUE NETWORK YASOBANUWE NA SYSTEM YO Gupima
Gukusanya amakuru y'ibanze no gutanga serivisi mu iyubakwa ry’ubwubatsi, komisiyo ishinzwe umutungo w’amazi ya Changjiang yashyizeho buhoro buhoro sitasiyo nyinshi z’amazi meza ku mugezi munini n’imigezi y’uruzi rwa Yangtze kuva mu 1950. Kugeza mu myaka ya za 90, umuyoboro wuzuye wa hydrologiya hamwe numuyoboro wo kugenzura imyanda byari bimaze gushingwa. Harimo sitasiyo ya hydrologiya 118 hamwe na sitasiyo zirenga 350. Byongeye kandi, ibikorwa byinshi byo gukora imigezi no gusesengura imyanda byararangiye. Amakuru yo kureba hydrologiya nubutaka bwimyaka mirongo yashize ibisekuru byinshi byatanze urufatiro rwa siyanse yo kwerekana, gushushanya, kubaka, n'imikorere ya TGP.
Indorerezi ya prototype ikorwa kugirango ikore ubushakashatsi, imyubakire, n'imikorere ya TGR mugihe gitandukanye. Ikigega kimaze gutangira kubikwa mu 2003, ikibazo cy’imyanda cyagaragaye haba mu gice cyo hejuru no hepfo, kandi ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na prototype hamwe n’ubushakashatsi bujyanye n’ibimera byakozwe kugira ngo ibikorwa bya TGP bitaziguye. Intego yo kwitegereza ikubiyemo ibintu bikurikira: Kumenya amakuru yibanze yumurongo wa kamere mbere yo gufunga burundu; Gufata ibyemezo byicyemezo cyo gufunga ibice; kugenzura-igihe nyacyo cyo gutandukanya isuri no guta haba murwego rwo hejuru no hepfo nyuma yo gufatirwa, no kumenya ibibazo, kugirango hafatwe ingamba mugihe; kwemeza tekinoroji yo kwigana yemejwe, no kongera ikizere cyo guhanura imyanda ya TGP.
Indorerezi ya hydrologiya yibikoresho bikubiyemo agace k'ibigega, ahahoze urugomero, no kugera hepfo. Kuva mu 1949, hashingiwe ku gipimo kirekire cy’ibimera, kureba imiyoboro, no gukora ubushakashatsi n’iperereza, amakuru menshi yo kwitegereza prototype hamwe n’ibisubizo by’ubushakashatsi byakusanyirijwe hamwe, bityo bikaba byujuje ibyifuzo by’igenamigambi, ibishushanyo n’ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi mu cyiciro cy’ibisobanuro. Icyiciro cyubwubatsi nigihe gito kugirango umuntu agere kuri prophase, kandi igihe cyose cyubwubatsi ni 17a, bityo rero birakenewe ko dukomeza kwitegereza itandukaniro ryimigezi, imyanda, nimbibi. Ibi ntabwo bitanga gusa gushingira kubishushanyo mbonera, ubushakashatsi bwa siyanse, ubwubatsi, nigikorwa, ariko kandi no kwemeza no kunoza igishushanyo mbonera.
Ibintu byakurikiranwe birimo hydrology, ubutayu, hamwe nubutaka. Ubushakashatsi bwubutaka bwumurongo bugamije cyane cyane kubona ubwihindurize bwihindagurika ryumuyoboro mukibisi, kwibiza imyanda ku kigega, isuri kumanuka, hamwe nihindagurika ryurufunguzo bigera nyuma yo gufatirwa kwa TGP.
2 HIDROLOGIQUE NETWORK YASOBANUWE NA SYSTEM YO Gupima
Gukusanya amakuru y'ibanze no gutanga serivisi mu iyubakwa ry’ubwubatsi, komisiyo ishinzwe umutungo w’amazi ya Changjiang yashyizeho buhoro buhoro sitasiyo nyinshi z’amazi meza ku mugezi munini n’imigezi y’uruzi rwa Yangtze kuva mu 1950. Kugeza mu myaka ya za 90, umuyoboro wuzuye wa hydrologiya hamwe numuyoboro wo kugenzura imyanda byari bimaze gushingwa. Harimo sitasiyo ya hydrologiya 118 hamwe na sitasiyo zirenga 350. Byongeye kandi, ibikorwa byinshi byo gukora imigezi no gusesengura imyanda byararangiye. Amakuru yo kureba hydrologiya nubutaka bwimyaka mirongo yashize ibisekuru byinshi byatanze urufatiro rwa siyanse yo kwerekana, gushushanya, kubaka, n'imikorere ya TGP.
Indorerezi ya prototype ikorwa kugirango ikore ubushakashatsi, imyubakire, n'imikorere ya TGR mugihe gitandukanye. Ikigega kimaze gutangira kubikwa mu 2003, ikibazo cy’imyanda cyagaragaye haba mu gice cyo hejuru no hepfo, kandi ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na prototype hamwe n’ubushakashatsi bujyanye n’ibimera byakozwe kugira ngo ibikorwa bya TGP bitaziguye. Intego yo kwitegereza ikubiyemo ibintu bikurikira: Kumenya amakuru yibanze yumurongo wa kamere mbere yo gufunga burundu; Gufata ibyemezo byicyemezo cyo gufunga ibice; kugenzura-igihe nyacyo cyo gutandukanya isuri no guta haba murwego rwo hejuru no hepfo nyuma yo gufatirwa, no kumenya ibibazo, kugirango hafatwe ingamba mugihe; kwemeza tekinoroji yo kwigana yemejwe, no kongera ikizere cyo guhanura imyanda ya TGP.
Indorerezi ya hydrologiya yibikoresho bikubiyemo agace k'ibigega, ahahoze urugomero, no kugera hepfo. Kuva mu 1949, hashingiwe ku gipimo kirekire cy’ibimera, kureba imiyoboro, no gukora ubushakashatsi n’iperereza, amakuru menshi yo kwitegereza prototype hamwe n’ibisubizo by’ubushakashatsi byakusanyirijwe hamwe, bityo bikaba byujuje ibyifuzo by’igenamigambi, ibishushanyo n’ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi mu cyiciro cy’ibisobanuro. Icyiciro cyubwubatsi nigihe gito kugirango umuntu agere kuri prophase, kandi igihe cyose cyubwubatsi ni 17a, bityo rero birakenewe ko dukomeza kwitegereza itandukaniro ryimigezi, imyanda, nimbibi. Ibi ntabwo bitanga gusa gushingira kubishushanyo mbonera, ubushakashatsi bwa siyanse, ubwubatsi, nigikorwa, ariko kandi no kwemeza no kunoza igishushanyo mbonera.
Ibintu byakurikiranwe birimo hydrology, ubutayu, hamwe nubutaka. Ubushakashatsi bwubutaka bwumurongo bugamije cyane cyane kubona ubwihindurize bwihindagurika ryumuyoboro mukibisi, kwibiza imyanda ku kigega, isuri kumanuka, hamwe nihindagurika ryurufunguzo bigera nyuma yo gufatirwa kwa TGP.
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Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-04-2024