Porofeseri Boyd avuga ku kintu gikomeye gitera stress gishobora kwica cyangwa gutera ubushake buke bwo kurya, gukura buhoro no kwandura indwara cyane.
Birazwi cyane mu bahinzi b'amafi ko kuba hari ibinyabuzima bisanzwe bigabanya umusaruro w'amafi yo mu mazi n'ubwoko bwinshi bw'amafi mu byuzi bigera kuri kg 500 kuri hegitari kuri buri gihingwa (kg/ha/igihingwa). Mu buhinzi bukorerwa ahantu hanini cyane hamwe n'ibiryo byakozwe n'amazi ya buri munsi ariko nta mwuka uhumeka, umusaruro ushobora kugera kuri kg 1.500–2.000/ha/igihingwa, ariko iyo umusaruro mwinshi, ingano y'ibiryo bikenewe itera ibyago byinshi byo kuba DO nkeya. Bityo, ogisijeni ishongeshejwe (DO) ni ikintu cy'ingenzi mu kongera umusaruro w'ibimera byo mu byuzi.
Gukoresha uburyo bwo guhumeka bushobora gukoreshwa kugira ngo hongerwe ingano y'ibiryo bishoboka kandi byemererwe umusaruro mwinshi. Buri ngufu za moteri kuri hegitari imwe zitanga umwuka uhagije wemerera ibiryo bigera kuri 10-12 kg/ha buri munsi ku moko menshi yororoka. Umusaruro wa 10.000–12.000 kg/ha/imyaka si ibisanzwe iyo umwuka uhumetse cyane. Umusaruro mwinshi ushobora kuboneka mu byuzi bya pulasitiki n'ibigega bifite umwuka uhumetse mwinshi.
Nta gake umuntu yumva ibintu bifitanye isano no guhumeka cyangwa umwuka mubi uterwa na ogisijeni mu korora inkoko, ingurube n'inka zororerwa ku bwinshi, ariko ibi bintu bikunze kugaragara mu bworozi bw'amafi. Impamvu ogisijeni yashongeshejwe ari ingenzi cyane mu bworozi bw'amafi zizasobanurwa.
Umwuka uri hafi y’ubuso bw’isi urimo ogisijeni 20.95 ku ijana, azote 78.08 ku ijana, n’ijanisha rito rya dioxyde de carbone n’indi myuka. Ingano ya ogisijeni ikenewe kugira ngo yuzuze amazi meza ku gitutu gisanzwe cy’ikirere (mililitiro 760 za mercure) na dogere selisiyusi 30 ni 7.54 mg kuri litiro (mg/L). Birumvikana ko ku manywa iyo fotosite irimo gukorwa, amazi yo mu kidendezi akenshi aba yuzuyemo DO (igipimo gishobora kuba 10 mg/L cyangwa kirenga mu mazi yo hejuru), kuko umusaruro wa ogisijeni binyuze muri fotosite uba munini kuruta igihombo cya ogisijeni binyuze mu guhumeka no gukwirakwira mu kirere. Mu ijoro iyo fotosite ihagaze, igipimo cya ogisijeni cyashongeshejwe kiragabanuka - rimwe na rimwe munsi ya 3 mg/L akenshi bifatwa nk'igipimo gito cyemewe ku bwoko bwinshi bwo mu mazi bwororerwa mu buhinzi.
Inyamaswa zo ku butaka zihumeka umwuka kugira ngo zinjire ogisijeni ya molekile, iyinjira binyuze mu miyoboro y'amazi mu bihaha byazo. Amafi n'isambaza bigomba gukurura amazi mu miyoboro yazo kugira ngo zinjire ogisijeni ya molekile binyuze mu miyoboro yazo. Imbaraga zo guhumeka cyangwa gukurura amazi mu miyoboro zisaba ingufu zijyanye n'uburemere bw'umwuka cyangwa amazi arimo.
Hazabarwa uburemere bw'umwuka n'amazi bigomba guhumekwa cyangwa kuvomwa kugira ngo ubuso bw'ubuhumekero bugere kuri 1.0 mg ya ogisijeni isanzwe. Kubera ko umwuka ari 20.95% bya ogisijeni, hafi 4.8 mg y'umwuka izaba irimo 1.0 mg ya ogisijeni.
Mu kidendezi cy’isambaza gifite amazi arimo umunyu wa 30 ppt kuri dogere selisiyusi 30 (ubucucike bw’amazi = 1.0180 g/L) ingano ya ogisijeni yashongeshejwe iyo yuzuye ikirere ni 6.39 mg/L. Ingano ya 0.156 L y’amazi yaba irimo 1.0 mg ya ogisijeni, kandi yapima garama 159 (159.000 mg). Ibi biruta inshuro 33.125 uburemere bw’umwuka ufite 1.0 mg ya ogisijeni.
Ingufu nyinshi zikoreshwa n'inyamaswa zo mu mazi
Ifi cyangwa ifi igomba gukoresha imbaraga nyinshi cyane kugira ngo ibone ogisijeni ingana n’iyo inyamaswa yo ku butaka ikoresha. Ikibazo kirushaho kwiyongera iyo ubwinshi bwa ogisijeni yashongeshejwe mu mazi bugabanutse kuko amazi menshi agomba kunyuzwa mu ruhu kugira ngo igere kuri ogisijeni ya 1.0 mg.
Iyo inyamaswa zo ku butaka zikuye ogisijeni mu kirere, ogisijeni isubizwa mu mwuka byoroshye, kuko umwuka utembera neza kuko uba muto cyane ugereranije n'amazi, urugero, ubucucike bw'umwuka kuri dogere selisiyusi 25 ni 1.18 g/L ugereranije na 995.65 g/L ku mazi meza ku bushyuhe bumwe. Mu bworozi bw'amafi, ogisijeni yashongeshejwe ikurwaho n'amafi cyangwa isambaza igomba gusimburwa no gukwirakwira kwa ogisijeni yo mu kirere mu mazi, kandi kuzenguruka kw'amazi ni ngombwa kugira ngo ogisijeni yashongeshejwe iva hejuru y'amazi ijye mu gice cy'amazi cy'amafi cyangwa ijye hasi ku isambaza. Amazi aremereye kurusha umwuka kandi azenguruka buhoro kurusha umwuka, ndetse no mu gihe kuzenguruka kw'umwuka bifashijwemo n'ibikoresho nk'ibikoresho bitanga umwuka.
Amazi afite oxygen nke cyane ugereranije n'umwuka - iyo amazi yuzuye kandi ari dogere selisiyusi 30, amazi meza ni oxygen 0.000754 ku ijana (umwuka ni oxygen 20.95 ku ijana). Nubwo oxygen ya molekile ishobora kwinjira vuba mu buso bw'amazi, urujya n'uruza rwa oxygen yashongeshejwe mu ngano yose biterwa n'umuvuduko w'amazi yuzuye oxygen hejuru y'amazi yivanga mu mazi binyuze mu gukwirakwiza amazi. Ifi nini cyangwa shrimp biomass mu kidendezi ishobora kwangiza oxygen yashongeshejwe vuba.
Gutanga ogisijeni biragoye
Ingorane zo guha amafi cyangwa isambaza umwuka wa ogisijeni zishobora kugaragazwa ku buryo bukurikira. Amabwiriza ya leta yemerera abantu bagera kuri 4.7 kuri metero kare mu birori byo hanze. Tuvuge ko buri muntu apima impuzandengo y’isi ya kg 62, noneho haba hari 2,914,000 kg/ha by’ibinyabuzima by’umuntu. Ubusanzwe amafi n’isambaza bifite ogisijeni ikenewe kugira ngo umuntu ahumeke 300 mg ya ogisijeni/kg ku biro by’umubiri ku isaha. Ubu buremere bw’ibinyabuzima by’amafi bushobora kugabanya ogisijeni yashongeshejwe mu kidendezi cy’amazi meza gifite metero 10,000 cyabanje kuba cyuzuye ogisijeni kuri dogere selisiyusi 30 mu minota 5, kandi inyamaswa zo mu bwoko bw’amafi zarapfutse. Abantu ibihumbi mirongo ine na birindwi kuri hegitari mu birori byo hanze ntibaba bahura n’ingorane zo guhumeka nyuma y’amasaha menshi.
Ogisijeni yashongeshejwe ni ikintu cy’ingenzi kuko ishobora kwica inyamaswa zo mu mazi mu buryo butaziguye, ariko mu buryo buhoraho, ubwinshi bwa ogisijeni yashongeshejwe buke butuma inyamaswa zo mu mazi zidashaka kurya neza, zigakura buhoro kandi zigashobora kwandura indwara.
Guhuza ubwinshi bw'amatungo n'ibiryo by'amatungo
Ogisijeni nkeya ivanze na yo ifitanye isano no kuba hari ibintu bishobora kwangiza mu mazi. Ubu burozi burimo dioxyde de carbone, ammonia, nitrite na sulfide. Muri rusange, mu byuzi aho imiterere y'amazi y'ibanze ikwiriye mu buhinzi bw'amafi n'ibisimba, ibibazo by'ubwiza bw'amazi ntibizaba bidasanzwe igihe cyose habayeho ubwinshi buhagije bwa ogisijeni ivanze. Ibi bisaba kuringaniza ingano y'ibiribwa n'ibiryo hamwe n'iboneka rya ogisijeni ivanze binyuze mu bidukikije cyangwa nk'uko byongera umwuka mu buryo bwo korora.
Mu miterere y’amazi mabi mu byuzi, ubwinshi bwa ogisijeni ishongeshejwe ni ingenzi cyane nijoro. Ariko mu bwoko bushya bw’imiterere burushaho kwiyongera, ubwinshi bwa ogisijeni ishongeshejwe ni bwinshi kandi ubwinshi bwa ogisijeni ishongeshejwe bugomba gukomeza gukomezwa n’umwuka ukoreshwa mu buryo bwa mashini.
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Udukoresho dutandukanye two gupima ubuziranenge bw'amazi, murakaza neza kugisha inama.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 30 Nzeri 2024