Hirya y'"Indobo Igwa": Uburyo Utwuma tw'Imvura Dukoresha Umurabyo w'Urumuri mu Guhindura Uburyo Dusobanukirwa Imvura

Mu gihe ibice bya mekanike byuzuye mu mvura nyinshi kandi bigacika mu rubura, sensor idafite ibice bigenda ihinduka bucece 'umurinzi ucecetse' w'isuzuma ry'ikirere—atari ukubara imvura gusa, ahubwo no kumenya umwihariko wa buri gitonyanga.

Mu binyejana byinshi, ishingiro ry’ingero z’imvura ntiryahindutse: gufata amazi y’imvura mu kintu runaka kizwi, hanyuma ukayapima, ukayapima, cyangwa ukayabara. Kuva ku bipimo bya kera by’imvura byo mu Bushinwa kugeza ku bipimo bya none by’indobo, ikintu cy’ingenzi cyabaye “gufata” n’ “ingano.”

Nyamara, hari impinduka mu buryo bucecetse mu buryo bwo kumva. Imashini ipima imvura—cyangwa disdrometer y’ingufu—ijugunya ibice byose bya mekanike. Ntiyikusanya imvura; ahubwo “isuzuma” ikirere ikoresheje urumuri, nk’umushakashatsi w’ubugenge udacogora, igatanga “imiterere y’ikoranabuhanga” ako kanya kuri buri gace k’imvura kanyura mu mucyo wayo.

Ishingiro ry'Ubuhanga: Iyo Umucyo Uhuye n'Imvura

Ihame ryayo rikora neza cyane muri fiziki yayo:

1. Emit & Receive: Sensor itanga urumuri rwa laser cyangwa infrared rufite imiterere yihariye, hamwe n'urumuri rw'amatara rufite imiterere yihariye ku rundi ruhande.
2. Guhindura Ibimenyetso no Kubangamira: Iyo nta mvura igwa, icyuma gifata ikimenyetso gihamye. Iyo igitonyanga cy'imvura (cyangwa urubura, ibuye ry'urubura) kirenze urumuri, gihita gifunga urumuri kigatatanya ako kanya, bigatuma "kigwa" mu kimenyetso cyakiriwe.
3. Kubara mu buryo bw'ubwenge: Porosesa iri mu bwato isesengura igihe n'ubujyakuzimu bw'iki kimenyetso bimara mu gihe nyacyo. Algoritime zihambaye zikuraho umurambararo w'agace kamwe n'umuvuduko wo kugwa.
4. Amakuru asohoka: Binyuze mu mibare ihoraho, ntabwo itanga gusa imvura yose n'ubukana bwayo, ahubwo inatanga ingano y'igitonyanga, ndetse ishobora no gutandukanya imvura, urubura, urubura n'imvura igwa.

Kuki ibi ari impinduka? Ibyiza bine bihungabanya

1. Ubunyangamugayo bw'ikirenga, sezera ku "kubara nabi"
Ibipimo bisanzwe byo gupima amazi bishobora kubara bike cyane mu gihe cy'imvura nyinshi (amakosa arenga 20%) kuko indobo idashobora kugwa vuba bihagije. Ibipimo by'amajwi bipima ku buryo burambuye ku buryo bwa milisegonda, bigera ku rugero rurenga 99% rw'amakuru yuzuye ndetse no mu gihe cy'imvura ikomeye cyane, bigatanga umusaruro mwiza mu gufata intangiriro, iherezo, n'ibihe by'imvura bitunguranye.

2. Amakuru y'ibipimo byinshi: Kuva ku "Igiteranyo" kugeza ku "Ishusho"
Ibikoresho gakondo bitanga igisubizo gusa ku "ngano." Ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bishushanya "ishusho y'imvura iboneka mu buryo bwa microphysical": Ese igizwe n'ibitonyanga bito byinshi cyangwa igizwe n'ibitonyanga bike binini? Ibi ni ingenzi mu kwiga isuri y'ubutaka (ibitonyanga binini byangiza cyane), gupima radar, kwemeza imiterere y'ikirere, no guhanura imiterere y'amazi.

3. Umurimo wo Kudakora ku buryo Butagira Isuku, Nta bwoba mu Bidukikije Bikabije
Kubera ko nta bice bya mekanike bishobora gukonjesha, kuziba, kwangirika, cyangwa kwangirika, imiterere yayo ya "solid-state" yemerera gushyirwa ku misozi miremire ya kure, ku binyabiziga byo mu nyanja, ku binyabiziga bigenda, no ku ndege zitagira abapilote. Nta kintu na kimwe isaba kuyitaho, kandi igihe cyo kubaho kirenze imyaka icumi.

4. Guhuza IoT gakondo
Amakuru yoherezwa mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga, binyuze mu miyoboro idafite umugozi. Ni ahantu heza ho kubaka imiyoboro yo kugenzura ikirere ifite ubucucike bwinshi, ihendutse kandi ifite ubwenge, itanga amakuru adasanzwe yo kugenzura imyuzure mu mijyi, ubuhinzi bugezweho, umutekano w'indege, n'ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi.

Ingero z'Ibikorwa Bihinduka ku Isi

Icyitegererezo cya 1: "Umutangabuhamya" ku myuzure y'imvura
Mu misozi miremire yo mu Busuwisi, imiyoboro ya sensor y’urumuri ikoreshwa mu mazi ahanamye ntabwo itanga gusa imvura yuzuye, ahubwo binyuze mu makuru y’ingano y’amazi agwa mu gihe nyacyo, igena niba imvura ari “ishobora kugwa cyane” (ibitonyanga binini) cyangwa “ishobora kugwa bike.” Mu 2023, ubwo buryo bwatanze umuburo w’ingenzi mbere y’iminota 45 ku birebana n’umwuzure ugereranije n’imiyoboro isanzwe.

Icyitegererezo cya 2: “Umunara w’Umurinzi” w’umutekano ku kibuga cy’indege
Ku kibuga cy'indege cya Frankfurt, ibyuma bipima urumuri biri iruhande rw'inzira z'indege bitandukanya mu buryo bw'izuba n'imvura ikonje, uduce duto tw'urubura n'urubura mu gihe nyacyo, byohereza amakuru y'ubwoko n'ubukana bw'indege ku munara w'igenzura n'amatsinda ashinzwe gukuraho urubura. Ibi byongereye ubushobozi bwo gukuraho urubura ku kigero cya 30% kandi binongera cyane umutekano w'ifatwa ry'ibitero byo guhaguruka/gutunguka.

Icyitegererezo cya 3: "Mikroskopi" y'Ubushakashatsi mu by'Ubuhinzi
Itsinda ry’ubushakashatsi rya UC rikoresha ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga mu gusesengura imiterere y’“imvura” ikorwa n’uburyo butandukanye bwo kuhira (ikitonyanga ugereranije n’ikinyabiziga). Ayo makuru yafashije kunoza imiterere y’umutwe w’ikinyabiziga, kunoza uburinganire bw’amazi yo kuhira ku kigero cya 15% no kugabanya ubukana bw’ubutaka buterwa n’ibitonyanga binini.

Icyitegererezo cya 4: "Umushingwabikorwa w'ububiko" mu bumenyi bw'ikirere
Mu biro by’ubushakashatsi bya Antarctica, sensors z’urumuri ziri mu bikoresho bike bigenzura imvura bikorera umwaka wose kuri -50°C. Biha abahanga mu bya siyansi inyandiko za mbere zihoraho kandi zizewe z’imvura ikomeye (urubura, urubura) zo muri ako karere, binoza imiterere y’ikirere ku isi.

Imbogamizi n'ejo hazaza: Bito, Byoroheje, Ahantu hose

Muri iki gihe, sensor zikoresha optique zirahenze cyane kurusha izisanzwe kandi zisaba gupimwa neza mu gihe cyo kuzishyiraho. Ariko ahazaza harasobanutse neza:

1. Ibiciro byo gukuraho imashini zikoresha Chip-Scale Miniaturization & Plummeting: Ikoranabuhanga rya MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) ririmo guhuza ibikoresho byo kumenya amashusho kuri chips, kandi ibiciro byitezwe ko bizagera ku masoko y’abaguzi mu myaka itanu.
2. Kumenya neza AI: Algorithm zo kwigira ku mashini zikoreshwa mu kumenya no gushungura ibimenyetso bitagwa imvura (nk'udukoko, umukungugu) no gushyira mu byiciro neza ubwoko bw'imvura.
3. "Ubwenge bw'Imvura" Bukoresha Interineti: Ibihumbi by'ibikoresho bipima urumuri bigizwe n'imiyoboro minini bizashushanya "imirima y'imvura ya 3D" ku bunini bw'umujyi, bigaragaze imiterere n'impinduka z'imvura mu gihe nyacyo.

Umwanzuro: Kuva ku "Gupima Ikirere" kugeza ku "Gusobanukirwa Fiziki y'ikirere"

Akamaro k'icyuma gipima imvura kidakoresha ikoranabuhanga rihagije, karenze gutanga imibare nyayo. Kigaragaza ihinduka ry'igenzura ry'ikirere n'amazi kuva mu gihe cyo gupima macro kugeza mu gihe cyo gusesengura mikoro.

Ku nshuro ya mbere, bidufasha "kubona" ​​ibice by'ibanze by'imvura ku rugero runini kandi ku buryo buhendutse, bigahindura buri mvura igwa n'urubura mu buryo bw'amakuru bukenewe gusesengura byimbitse. Uyu muco utuje w'urumuri ntumurikira inzira y'imvura gusa, ahubwo unamurikira abantu inzira igana ku micungire myiza kandi irambuye y'umutungo w'amazi mu gihe cy'imihindagurikire y'ikirere.

Iyo turenze kubaza tuti “imvura yaguye ingana iki” tujya mu kwibaza tuti “gute“Ese imvura yaguye?”, turatangira igice gishya mu bijyanye n’ubumenyi bw’ikirere.

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