Kuva ku ntege nke z'uruganda kugeza ku ihumana ry'ikirere: Uburyo ibikoresho bipima gazi birinda Aziya yo muri Afurika y'Epfo

Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba, imwe mu turere tw'ubukungu twihuta cyane ku isi, irimo gutera imbere mu nganda, iterambere ry'imijyi, n'ubwiyongere bw'abaturage. Iyi gahunda yatumye hakenerwa byihutirwa kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'umwuka, kugenzura umutekano w'inganda, no kurengera ibidukikije. Ibikoresho byo gupima gazi, nk'ikoranabuhanga rifasha mu kumenya ibintu, bifite uruhare runini. Ibi bikurikira ni ahantu henshi hakoreshwa ikoranabuhanga n'ibintu byihariye muri Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba.

1. Umutekano mu nganda no kugenzura ibikorwa

Aha niho hantu hasanzwe kandi hakenewe cyane ibikoresho byo gupima gazi. Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba ifite inganda nyinshi zikora, inganda zikora imiti, inganda zitunganya peteroli, n'ibigo bitunganya gazi.

• Ingero z'Ikoreshwa:
  • Gukurikirana imyuka y'uburozi ishobora gushya n'iy'uburozi: Mu nganda zikora peteroli, mu bigo bitanga gazi karemano, no mu bubiko bw'imiti, gukurikirana mu buryo bwihuse imyuka nk'iya methane, propane, hydrogen sulfide, monoxide ya karuboni, na ammonia kugira ngo hirindwe inkongi, guturika, n'impanuka z'uburozi.
  • Gukurikirana kwinjira mu mwanya ufunze: Gukoresha ibyuma bipima gazi bigenzurwa kugira ngo harebwe ingano ya ogisijeni, imyuka ishobora gushya, n'imyuka y'uburozi runaka mbere y'uko abakozi binjira mu myanya ifunze nko mu bwato, mu bigega bisukura imyanda, no mu nzira zo munsi y'ubutaka kugira ngo abakozi bagire umutekano.
  • Kunoza Imikorere no Kugenzura Ubwiza: Kugenzura neza ubwinshi bw'imyuka runaka (urugero, dioxyde de carbone, ogisijeni) mu bikorwa nko guhinga ibiryo n'ibinyobwa no gukora semiconductor kugira ngo harebwe ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa n'umusaruro birusheho kuba byiza.
• Inyigo ku manza:
  • Uruganda runini rutunganya peteroli muri Vietnam rwashyize umuyoboro w’ibikoresho bipima gazi bitagira ingano mu kigo cyarwo cyose, bihujwe na sisitemu yo kugenzura. Iyo hagaragaye ko imyuka ya hydrocarbon iva, iyi sisitemu ihita itera amajwi n’amashusho kandi ishobora guhita ifungura sisitemu zo guhumeka cyangwa igafunga valve zikenewe, bigabanye ibyago by’impanuka.
  • Pariki y’ibinyabutabire ya Jurong Island muri Singapuru, ikigo gikomeye ku isi mu by’ubutabire, ikoresha cyane ibikoresho bigezweho byo gupima ubushyuhe (PID) mu gupima ibinyabutabire bidasanzwe (Volatile Organic Compounds - VOCs), bigatuma habaho kuburira hakiri kare no kubahiriza amategeko agenga ibidukikije.

2. Gukurikirana Ubwiza bw'Imyuka mu Mijyi n'Ubuzima Rusange

Imijyi myinshi ikomeye yo mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya, nka Jakarta, Bangkok, na Manila, ihura n'ibibazo bihoraho by'ihumana ry'ikirere riterwa n'umubyigano w'imodoka n'ibyuka bihumanya ikirere mu nganda. Impungenge z'abaturage ku bijyanye n'ibidukikije bihumeka neza zikomeje kwiyongera.

• Ingero z'Ikoreshwa:
  • Ibiro by’igenzura ry’ikirere mu mijyi: Ibiro by’igenzura ry’ikirere byashyizweho n’inzego za leta zishinzwe ibidukikije kugira ngo bipime imyuka ihumanya ikirere nka PM2.5, PM10, dioxyde sulfur (SO₂), dioxyde azote (NO₂), ozone (O₃), na monoxyde de carbone (CO). Basohora Igipimo cy’Ubuziranenge bw’Imyuka (AQI) kugira ngo bamenyeshe politiki rusange.
  • Imiyoboro ya Micro-sensor: Gushyira ahantu hahendutse kandi haciriritse ho gupima gaze mu baturage, hafi y'amashuri, no hafi y'ibitaro kugira ngo habeho umuyoboro ugenzura ubucucike bw'abantu benshi, bitanga amakuru menshi kandi y'ubuziranenge bw'umwuka mu gace runaka.
  • Ibikoresho Bigendanwa: Abantu bakoresha ibikoresho byo kugenzura imiterere y'umwuka byambarwa cyangwa bifatwa mu ntoki kugira ngo barebe urwego rw'umwanda mu bidukikije, bityo bagafata ibyemezo byo kwirinda nko kwambara udupfukamunwa cyangwa kugabanya ibikorwa byo hanze.
• Inyigo ku manza:
  • Ubuyobozi bw’Umujyi wa Bangkok muri Tayilande bwafatanyije n’ibigo by’ubushakashatsi mu gushyira mu bikorwa amagana y’ibikoresho bipima ubuziranenge bw’umwuka bikoresha IoT mu mujyi wose. Ibi bikoresho bishyira amakuru mu buryo bwihuse, bigatuma abaturage bashobora kugenzura ingano ya PM2.5 na ozone mu duce batuyemo binyuze kuri porogaramu igendanwa, bigatanga amakuru menshi kandi ahoraho kurusha sitasiyo zisanzwe.
  • Umushinga wa “Smart School” i Jakarta, muri Indoneziya, washyize utwuma twa CO₂ (CO₂) mu byumba by’amashuri. Iyo urugero rwa CO₂ rwiyongereye bitewe n’abantu benshi, utwuma duhita dutuma sisitemu zo guhumeka zihuhura umwuka, bigafasha kunoza uburyo abanyeshuri bashyiramo imbaraga n’ubuzima bwabo.

3. Ubuhinzi n'Ubworozi

Ubuhinzi ni inkingi y'ubukungu mu bihugu byinshi byo muri Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba. Gukoresha uburyo bwo gupima gazi biri gutuma ubuhinzi gakondo buhinduka ubuhinzi bunoze kandi bugezweho.

• Ingero z'Ikoreshwa:
  • Kugenzura ibidukikije byo mu nzu itunganya ibimera: Gukurikirana urugero rwa CO₂ mu mazu atunganya ibimera agezweho no kurekura CO₂ nk'ifumbire mvaruganda kugira ngo hongerwe fotosite, bikongera umusaruro n'ubwiza bw'imboga n'indabyo.
  • Umutekano wo kubika ibinyampeke: Gukurikirana ubwinshi bwa dioxyde de carbone cyangwa fosfini mu mazu manini. Ubwiyongere budasanzwe bwa CO₂ bushobora kugaragaza ko byangiritse bitewe n’udukoko cyangwa imikorere y’ibihumyo. Fosfini ni umuti usanzwe wo mu bwoko bwa fumigant, kandi ubwinshi bwayo bugomba kugenzurwa neza kugira ngo ishobore kurwanya udukoko neza kandi ikore neza.
  • Gukurikirana ibidukikije by’amatungo: Gukurikirana buri gihe ingano y’imyuka yangiza nka ammonia (NH₃) na hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) mu biraro by’inkoko n’amatungo bifunze. Iyi myuka igira ingaruka ku buzima bw’amatungo, bigatera indwara no kudakura neza. Utwuma dushobora gutuma habaho uburyo bwo guhumeka kugira ngo ibidukikije byo mu nzu birusheho kuba byiza.
• Inyigo ku manza:
  • Ubuhinzi bw’ibimera bigezweho muri Maleziya bukoresha uburyo bwa CO₂ bushingiye ku ikoranabuhanga rya NDIR (Non-Dispersive Infrared), hamwe na sisitemu yo kugenzura yikora, kugira ngo bugumane urugero rwiza rwa CO₂ (urugero, 800-1200 ppm) kugira ngo ibimera bikure neza, byongera umusaruro w’inyanya hafi 30%.
  • Isosiyete nini y’inkoko muri Tayilande yashyizeho umuyoboro w’ibikoresho byo gupima ammonia mu nkoko zayo. Iyo igipimo cya ammonia kirenze urugero rw’inkoko rwagenwe, umuyaga n’uburyo bwo gukonjesha bikora mu buryo bwikora, bigabanura indwara z’ubuhumekero mu mukumbi kandi bigagabanya ikoreshwa rya antibiyotike.

4. Gukurikirana ibidukikije no kuburira ibiza

Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba ikunze kwibasirwa n'ibiza by'imiterere y'ubutaka kandi ni agace gahangayikishije cyane imihindagurikire y'ikirere.

• Ingero z'Ikoreshwa:
  • Gukurikirana uruganda rutunganya imyanda n'amazi yanduye: Gukurikirana imyuka ihumanya ikirere n'ibyuka bihumanya ikirere kugira ngo hirindwe ingaruka zo guturika no gutanga amakuru ku mishinga yo kugarura imyuka ya biogas no kuyibyaza umusaruro. Nanone no gukurikirana imyuka ihumura nka hydrogen sulfide kugira ngo bigabanye ingaruka ku baturage bayikikije.
  • Gukurikirana Ibikorwa by'Ibirunga: Mu bihugu bikunze kugaragara ibirunga nka Indoneziya na Filipine, abahanga mu bya siyansi bakoresha ibikoresho byo gupima ikirere bikoresha gazi ya sulfur (SO₂) hafi y'ibirunga. Ubwiyongere bw'ibyuka bihumanya ikirere bya SO₂ akenshi bigaragaza ko ibirunga bikomeje kwiyongera, bigatanga amakuru y'ingenzi yo kuburira abantu ko hari ibirunga bishobora kuruka.
  • Umuburo w'inkongi y'umuriro mu ishyamba: Gushyira molekile ya karubone n'ibikoresho by'umwotsi mu duce tw'amashyamba yo mu misozi miremire ya Sumatra na Kalimantan, muri Indoneziya, bishobora kumenya inkongi z'umuriro zirimo gucumba mbere yuko inkongi zigaragara zigaragara, bigatuma habaho ingamba zikomeye hakiri kare.
• Inyigo ku manza:
  • Ikigo cya Filipine gishinzwe ubumenyi bw'ibirunga n'imitingito (PHIVOLCS) cyashyizeho uburyo burambuye bwo kugenzura ibirunga, harimo n'ibikoresho bipima imyuka, bikikije ibirunga birimo nka Mayon. Amakuru ya SO₂ aboneka mu gihe nyacyo abafasha gusuzuma neza uko ibirunga bimeze no kwimura abaturage mu gihe bibaye ngombwa.
  • Ikigo cy’Igihugu Gishinzwe Ibidukikije muri Singapuru (NEA) gikoresha ibikoresho byo kureba ikirere biri kure hamwe n’ibikoresho byo kugenzura ubutaka kugira ngo gikurikirane neza ihumana ry’ibihumyo biva mu bihugu bituranye. Ibikoresho byo kugenzura gazi (urugero, kuri CO na PM2.5) ni ibikoresho by'ingenzi mu gukurikirana ubwikorezi bw’ibihumyo no gusuzuma ingaruka zabyo.

Imbogamizi n'Icyerekezo cy'ejo hazaza

Nubwo hakoreshejwe uburyo bwagutse bwo gupima gazi mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya, habayeho imbogamizi nko kugira ingaruka z'ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ubushuhe ku gihe cy'ibikoresho byo gupima gazi no ku buryo biguma mu buryo burambye, kubura abakozi b'abahanga mu kubungabunga no gupima gazi, ndetse no kuba hakenewe kwemeza ukuri kw'amakuru aturuka ku bikoresho byo gupima gazi bihendutse.

Urebye imbere, hamwe n'iterambere rya IoT, Big Data, na Artificial Intelligence (AI), porogaramu zipima gaze zizarushaho kuba nyinshi:

• Guhuza amakuru no kuyasesengura: Guhuza amakuru ajyanye n'ibipimo bya gaze n'andi masoko nka meteorological, traffic, na satellite, no gukoresha algorithms za AI mu gusesengura ibintu mbere y'igihe (urugero, guhanura ingaruka z'ubuziranenge bw'ikirere cyangwa ingaruka z'ibikoresho by'inganda).
• Kugabanya Ibiciro no Kwiyongera: Iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga rya Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) rizatuma sensor zihendutse kandi nto, bigatuma abantu benshi bakoresha ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki mu mijyi igezweho no mu ngo zigezweho.

Umwanzuro

Mu buryo buhindagurika bwa Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba, ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bya gaze byavuye mu bikoresho byoroshye by'umutekano mu nganda bihinduka ibikoresho bifite uburyo bwinshi bwo kurinda ubuzima rusange, kongera imikorere myiza y'ubuhinzi, no kurengera ibidukikije. Uko ikoranabuhanga rikomeza gutera imbere n'uburyo bwo gukoresha ibintu birushaho kwiyongera, izi "nzuru z'ikoranabuhanga" zizakomeza kuba abarinzi batagaragara, zigatanga ishingiro ry'amakuru ahamye ku iterambere rirambye rya Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba.