Kuva ku makosa y'uruganda kugeza kwanduza ikirere: Uburyo Sensor ya Gaz irinda SE Aziya

Aziya y’amajyepfo yuburasirazuba, kamwe mu turere tw’ubukungu bwiyongera cyane ku isi, ifite inganda zihuse, imijyi n’ubwiyongere bw’abaturage. Iyi nzira yashyizeho byihutirwa kugenzura ubuziranenge bw’ikirere, umutekano w’inganda, no kurengera ibidukikije. Ibyuma bya gaze, nkikoranabuhanga rikomeye ryo kumva, bigira uruhare rukomeye. Ibikurikira nibice byinshi byingenzi bikoreshwa hamwe nibibazo byihariye byikoranabuhanga mu majyepfo yuburasirazuba bwa Aziya.

1. Umutekano mu nganda no kugenzura inzira

Aka ni agace gakondo kandi gakomeye gakoreshwa kuri sensor ya gaze. Amajyepfo yuburasirazuba bwa Aziya yakira inganda nini zinganda, inganda zikora imiti, uruganda rutunganya peteroli, hamwe n’ibikoresho byifashisha.

• Ibisabwa:
  • Gukurikirana imyuka yangiza kandi ifite ubumara: Mu nganda zikomoka kuri peteroli, sitasiyo ya lisansi, hamwe n’ububiko bw’imiti, kugenzura igihe nyacyo cyo kumeneka imyuka nka metani, propane, hydrogène sulfide, monoxyde de carbone, na amoniya kugira ngo hatabaho umuriro, guturika, n’uburozi.
  • Igenzura ryinjira mu kirere: Gukoresha ibyuma byifashishwa mu kugenzura gaze ya ogisijeni, imyuka yaka umuriro, hamwe n’imyuka y’ubumara mbere y’uko abakozi binjira ahantu hafunzwe nko mu bwato, mu bigega bitunganya imyanda, no mu mwobo wo munsi kugira ngo umutekano w’abakozi urindwe.
  • Gukoresha uburyo bwiza no kugenzura ubuziranenge: Kugenzura neza ubwinshi bwa gaze ya gaze (urugero, karuboni ya dioxyde, ogisijeni) mubikorwa nko gufungura ibiryo n'ibinyobwa hamwe no gukora semiconductor kugirango ibicuruzwa bibe byiza kandi bikorwe neza.
• Inyigo:
  • Uruganda runini rwa peteroli muri Vietnam rwohereje urusobekerane rwamajana ya sensor ya gaze mu kigo cyarwo, ruhujwe na sisitemu yo kugenzura hagati. Niba hamenyekanye gaze ya hydrocarubone, sisitemu ihita itera impuruza yumvikana kandi igaragara kandi irashobora guhita ikora sisitemu yo guhumeka cyangwa gufunga indangagaciro zibishinzwe, bikagabanya ingaruka zimpanuka.
  • Pariki y’imiti ya Jurong Island muri Singapuru, ihuriro ry’imiti ku isi, irabona ikoreshwa ry’imashini zikoresha za Photoionisation Detector (PID) n’amasosiyete yayo kugira ngo hamenyekane ibimenyetso by’ibinyabuzima biva mu binyabuzima (VOC), bituma habaho kuburira hakiri kare no kubahiriza ibidukikije.

2. Kugenzura ubuziranenge bwikirere bwumujyi nubuzima rusange

Imijyi myinshi minini yo mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Aziya, nka Jakarta, Bangkok, na Manila, ihura n’ibibazo bihumanya ikirere biterwa n’umuvuduko w’imodoka n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Guhangayikishwa n’abaturage bahumeka neza biragenda byiyongera.

• Ibisabwa:
  • Sitasiyo yo gukurikirana ikirere mu mijyi: Sitasiyo ikurikirana neza yashyizweho n’inzego za leta zishinzwe ibidukikije kugira ngo ipime umwanda usanzwe nka PM2.5, PM10, dioxyde de sulfure (SO₂), dioxyde ya azote (NO₂), ozone (O₃), na monoxide ya karubone (CO). Bashyira ahagaragara indangagaciro y’ikirere (AQI) kugirango bamenyeshe politiki rusange.
  • Imiyoboro ya Micro-sensor: Kohereza ibiciro biciriritse, byoroheje bya sensororo ya gaze ya mikoro mu baturage, hafi y’ishuri, ndetse n’ibitaro kugira ngo habeho umuyoboro ukurikirana cyane, utanga amakuru menshi y’ubuziranenge bw’ikirere.
  • Ibikoresho byimukanwa byumuntu ku giti cye: Umuntu ku giti cye akoresha ibyuma byangiza ikirere byambarwa cyangwa bigenzurwa kugirango bigenzure urugero rw’umwanda aho bidukikije, bigafasha gufata ibyemezo byo kubarinda nko kwambara masike cyangwa kugabanya ibikorwa byo hanze.
• Inyigo:
  • Ubuyobozi bwa Bangkok Metropolitan muri Tayilande bwafatanije n’ibigo by’ubushakashatsi kohereza ibyuma byifashishwa mu kirere bya IoT bishingiye ku magana mu mujyi. Izi sensororo zohereza amakuru kubicu mugihe nyacyo, bituma abenegihugu bagenzura urwego rwa PM2.5 na ozone mugace batuyemo binyuze muri porogaramu igendanwa, bitanga amakuru yuzuye kandi kenshi kuruta sitasiyo gakondo.
  • Umushinga “Smart School” i Jakarta, muri Indoneziya, washyizemo ibyuma bya karuboni (CO₂) imbere mu byumba by'amashuri. Iyo urwego rwa CO₂ ruzamutse bitewe nakazi, sensor zirahita zikurura sisitemu zo guhumeka kugirango zongere umwuka, zifasha kuzamura ibitekerezo byabanyeshuri nubuzima.

3. Ubuhinzi n'ubworozi

Ubuhinzi ni umusingi wubukungu mu bihugu byinshi byo mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Aziya. Ikoreshwa rya sensor ya gazi itera guhindura ubuhinzi gakondo mubuhinzi bwuzuye kandi bwubwenge.

• Ibisabwa:
  • Kugenzura ibidukikije bya Greenhouse: Gukurikirana urugero rwa CO₂ muri pariki zateye imbere no kurekura CO₂ nk "ifumbire ya gaze" kugirango yongere amafoto, yongere umusaruro cyane nubwiza bwimboga nindabyo.
  • Umutekano wo guhunika ingano: Gukurikirana imyuka ya karuboni cyangwa fosifine muri silos nini. Izamuka ridasanzwe muri CO₂ rishobora kwerekana kwangirika bitewe nudukoko cyangwa udukoko. Fosifine ni fumigant isanzwe, kandi ubunini bwayo bugomba kugenzurwa neza kugirango hirindwe udukoko n’umutekano muke.
  • Gukurikirana Ibidukikije by’Ubworozi: Gukomeza gukurikirana urwego rwa gaze zangiza nka ammonia (NH₃) na hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) mu nkoko zifunze n’ubworozi bw’amatungo. Iyi myuka igira ingaruka ku buzima bw’inyamaswa, biganisha ku ndwara no gukura bidakabije. Sensors irashobora gukurura sisitemu yo guhumeka kugirango iteze imbere murugo.
• Inyigo:
  • Isambu ya Smart Greenhouse muri Maleziya ikoresha sensor ya CO₂ ishingiye ku ikoranabuhanga rya NDIR (Non-Dispersive Infrared), ifatanije na sisitemu yo kugenzura yikora, kugirango igumane urugero rwiza rwa CO₂ (urugero, 800-1200 ppm) mu mikurire y’ibihingwa, byongera umusaruro w’inyanya hafi 30%.
  • Ubworozi bunini bw'inkoko muri Tayilande bwashyizeho umuyoboro wa amoniya mu mazu y’inkoko. Iyo ammoniya irenze igipimo cyateganijwe, abafana hamwe na sisitemu yo gukonjesha ikora mu buryo bwikora, bikagabanya neza indwara zubuhumekero mu mukumbi no kugabanya ikoreshwa rya antibiotike.

4. Gukurikirana ibidukikije no kuburira ibiza

Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba ikunze kwibasirwa n'ibiza kandi ni akarere k'ingenzi gahangayikishijwe n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere.

• Ibisabwa:
  • Gukurikirana imyanda n’imyanda itunganya imyanda: Gukurikirana ibyuka bya metani n’ibyuka bihumanya kugirango hirindwe ingaruka z’iturika no gutanga amakuru yo kugarura biyogazi n’imishinga itanga amashanyarazi. Gukurikirana kandi imyuka ihumura nka hydrogen sulfide kugirango igabanye ingaruka kubaturage.
  • Igenzura ry'ibikorwa by'ibirunga: Mu bihugu bikora ibirunga nka Indoneziya na Filipine, abahanga bohereje ibyuma byifashisha bya dioxyde de sulfure (SO₂) bikikije ibirunga. Kwiyongera kwangiza imyuka ya SO₂ akenshi byerekana ibikorwa byikirunga byiyongereye, bitanga amakuru yingenzi kuburira kuruka.
  • Umuriro w’amashyamba Kuburira hakiri kare: Kohereza monoxyde de carbone hamwe n’ibyuma byangiza umwotsi mu turere tw’amashyamba ya Sumatra na Kalimantan, muri Indoneziya, birashobora gutahura umuriro ucana mbere yuko umuriro ugaragara, bigatuma habaho gutabara hakiri kare.
• Inyigo:
  • Ikigo cya Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) cyashyizeho imiyoboro ihamye yo kugenzura, harimo na sensor ya gaze, hafi y’ibirunga bikora nka Mayon. Igihe nyacyo SO₂ amakuru abafasha gusuzuma uko ibirunga bihagaze neza no kwimura abaturage mugihe bibaye ngombwa.
  • Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ibidukikije muri Singapuru (NEA) gikoresha icyogajuru cya kure hamwe n’ubushakashatsi bw’ubutaka kugira ngo bikurikiranire hafi umwanda w’umwanda uva mu bihugu duturanye. Ibyuma bya gaze (urugero, kuri CO na PM2.5) nibikoresho byingenzi mugukurikirana ubwikorezi bwumwijima no gusuzuma ingaruka zabwo.

Inzitizi n'ibizaza

Nubwo ikoreshwa ryinshi, ikoreshwa rya sensororo ya gaze mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Aziya rihura n’ibibazo nk’ingaruka z’ubushyuhe bwo hejuru n’ubushuhe ku mibereho ya sensor no kubaho neza, kubura abakozi bafite ubumenyi bwo kubungabunga no guhinduranya, ndetse no gukenera kwemeza amakuru neza ahereye ku byuma bidahenze.

Urebye imbere, hamwe niterambere rya IoT, Amakuru Makuru, hamwe nubuhanga bwubuhanga (AI), porogaramu ya sensor ya gazi izarushaho kuba ndende:

• Data Fusion hamwe nisesengura: Guhuza amakuru ya sensor ya gaz hamwe nandi masoko nka meteorologiya, traffic, hamwe namakuru ya satelite, hamwe no gukoresha algorithm ya AI mugusesengura guhanura (urugero, guhanura ubuziranenge bwikirere cyangwa ingaruka ziterwa ninganda).
• Gukomeza Kugabanya Ibiciro no Gukwirakwiza: Iterambere mu buhanga bwa Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) rizatuma sensor zihendutse kandi ntoya, bigatuma abantu benshi bakirwa mu mijyi ifite ubwenge no mu ngo zifite ubwenge.

Umwanzuro

Ahantu nyaburanga h’amajyepfo yuburasirazuba bwa Aziya, ibyuma bya gaze byahindutse biva mubikoresho byoroheje byumutekano winganda bihinduka ibikoresho bitandukanye byo kubungabunga ubuzima rusange, kuzamura umusaruro wubuhinzi, no kurengera ibidukikije. Mugihe ikoranabuhanga rikomeje gutera imbere no gukoresha ibintu bigenda byiyongera, izo "mazuru ya elegitoronike" izakomeza kuba abarinzi batagaragara, itanga umusingi uhamye witerambere rirambye ryiterambere rya Aziya yepfo yepfo.