Ubushakashatsi bushya bwagaragaje uburyo imyanda ituruka ku bikorwa by'abantu igira ingaruka ku bushobozi bwabo bwo kubona indabyo
Mu muhanda uwo ari wo wose w’imodoka zirimo urujya n’uruza, ibisigazwa by’imyotsi iva mu modoka bimanitse mu kirere, muri byo harimo ozone na ozone. Iyi myanda, irekurwa n’inganda nyinshi n’inganda zitanga amashanyarazi, iragenda mu kirere mu gihe cy’amasaha menshi cyangwa imyaka myinshi. Abahanga mu bya siyansi bamaze igihe kinini bazi ko iyi miti yangiza ubuzima bw’abantu. Ariko ubu, ibimenyetso byinshi bigaragaza ko iyi myanda irushaho kugora ubuzima bw’udukoko n’ibimera biyishingikirizaho.
Ubwoko butandukanye bw'imyuka ihumanya ikirere ihura n'imiti igize impumuro y'indabyo, igahindura ingano n'imiterere y'imiti mu buryo bubangamira ubushobozi bw'umuvumbi bwo kubona indabyo. Uretse gushaka ibimenyetso bigaragara nk'imiterere cyangwa ibara ry'indabyo, udukoko twishingikiriza ku "karita" y'impumuro, uruvange rw'imiti ihumura yihariye kuri buri bwoko bw'indabyo, kugira ngo tubone ikimera twifuza. Ozone yo ku rwego rwo hasi na okiside ya azote bigira ingaruka ku mitobe y'indabyo, bigatuma habaho imiti mishya ikora mu buryo butandukanye.
“Birimo guhindura cyane impumuro ako gakoko gashaka,” ibi byavuzwe na Ben Langford, umuhanga mu by’ikirere mu kigo cy’Ubwongereza gishinzwe ibidukikije n’amazi ukora ubushakashatsi kuri iki kibazo.
Abakora imyumbati biga guhuza uruvange rudasanzwe rw'imiti indabyo zisohora n'ubwo bwoko bwihariye hamwe n'inyungu yabyo y'isukari. Iyo ibyo bintu byoroshye bihuye n'imyanda ihumanya cyane, ibyo bintu bihindura umubare w'impumuro y'indabyo ndetse n'ingano ya buri bwoko bw'imiti, bigahindura impumuro.
Abashakashatsi bazi ko ozone yibasira ubwoko bw'umugozi wa karuboni uboneka mu mpumuro y'indabyo. Ku rundi ruhande, okiside za azote ni amayobera, kandi ntibiramenyekana neza uburyo impumuro y'indabyo zigira ingaruka kuri ubwo bwoko bw'ibinyabutabire. James Ryalls, umushakashatsi muri Kaminuza ya Reading yagize ati: “Iyi karita y'impumuro ni ingenzi cyane ku batera indabyo, cyane cyane abatera indabyo baguruka.” “Hari inzuki zimwe na zimwe, urugero, zishobora kubona indabyo gusa iyo ziri munsi ya metero imwe uvuye ku ndabyo, bityo impumuro ni ingenzi cyane kuri zo mu gushaka ibyo kurya.”
Langford n'abandi bagize itsinda rye bagiye gusobanukirwa uburyo ozone ihindura imiterere y'impumuro y'indabyo. Bakoresheje umuyaga wo mu kirere n'ibikoresho kugira ngo bapime imiterere y'igicu cy'impumuro indabyo zikora iyo zisohora impumuro yazo yihariye. Abashakashatsi basohoye ozone ku bipimo bibiri, kimwe muri byo kikaba gisa n'icyo mu Bwongereza kibaho mu mpeshyi iyo urugero rwa ozone ruri hejuru, mu mwobo ufite impumuro y'indabyo. Basanze ozone irya impande z'umuyoboro, ikagabanya ubugari n'uburebure.
Abashakashatsi bakoresheje uburyo inzuki zikoresha mu gukangura impumuro y’ubuki buzwi nka proboscis extension. Kimwe n’imbwa ya Pavlov, yacaga amacandwe iyo inzogera ivuze, inzuki zikoresha igice cy’umunwa wazo gikora nk’umuyoboro wo kugaburira, uzwi nka proboscis, mu gusubiza impumuro zihuza n’isukari. Iyo abahanga mu bya siyansi berekaga izi nzuki impumuro ubusanzwe bumvaga metero esheshatu uvuye ku ndabyo, basohora proboscis yabo 52 ku ijana by’igihe. Ibi byagabanutse bigera kuri 38 ku ijana by’igihe ku mpumuro ihagarariye impumuro iri kuri metero 12 uvuye ku ndabyo.
Ariko, ubwo bashyiraga impinduka zimwe ku mpumuro yabonekaga mu mwobo wangijwe na ozone, inzuki zasubije 32 ku ijana gusa by’igihe ku kimenyetso cya metero esheshatu na 10 ku ijana by’igihe ku kimenyetso cya metero 12. Langford yagize ati: “Ubona uku kugabanuka gukomeye mu mubare w’inzuki zishobora kumenya impumuro.”
Ubushakashatsi bwinshi kuri iyi ngingo bwakorewe muri laboratwari, ntabwo bwakorewe mu murima cyangwa ahantu hasanzwe hatuwe n'udukoko. Kugira ngo bakemure iki kibazo cy'ubumenyi, abahanga mu bya siyansi bo muri Kaminuza ya Reading bashyiraho ipompo zisunika umwuka wa ozone cyangwa mazutu mu bice by'umurima w'ingano. Igerageza ryakozwe mu mpande z'ikirere za metero 26 rifasha abashakashatsi gusuzuma ingaruka z'umwuka uhumanya ikirere ku bwoko butandukanye bw'udukoko.
Itsinda ry'abashakashatsi ryakurikiranye ibimera bya sinapi mu mirima kugira ngo bisurwemo imyumbati. Hari ibyumba bimwe na bimwe byari bifite imyuka ya mazutu yashyizwemo ku rugero ruri munsi y'amahame ya EPA agenga ubwiza bw'umwuka. Muri ibyo bice, ubushobozi bw'udukoko bwo kubona indabyo twishingikirizaho nk'ibiribwa bwagabanutseho kugeza kuri 90%. Byongeye kandi, ibimera bya sinapi byakoreshejwe muri ubu bushakashatsi, nubwo ari indabyo zibyikorera ubwabyo, byagabanutseho kugeza kuri 31% mu bipimo bimwe na bimwe by'iterambere ry'imbuto, bishoboka ko byatewe no kugabanuka k'imyanda ikomoka ku ihumana ry'ikirere.
Ibi byavumbuwe bigaragaza ko udukoko two mu bwoko bwa "pollinator" na two ubwatwo duhura n'ibibazo bidasanzwe bitewe n'urwego rw'umwuka uhumanya ikirere muri iki gihe. Ariko iyo dufatanyije n'izindi mbogamizi utwo dukoko duhura na zo, umwuka uhumanya ikirere ushobora guteza ibibazo muri
Dushobora gutanga ibikoresho byo gupima ubwoko bwinshi bw'imyuka
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-08-2024